The Nobel Prize in Chemistry

Chemistry is the science of matter. It is the branch of the natural sciences that deals with the composition of substances, their properties and reactions. Chemistry looks at the processes of life and helps us to understand chemical reaction on molecular basis while also contributing to many of the technological advances we rely upon in the modern world. The first Nobel Prize in this category was awarded to Jacobus H. van't Hoff for the discovering the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions.

South African Laureates:

Aaron Klug, 1982

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1982:For his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes.

For the full list of all the Nobel Laureates in Chemistry.

The Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences

in Memory of Alfred Nobel

Economics is the branch of social science that deals with the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services, as well as their management. This award was introduced by the Bank of Sweden in memory of Alfred Nobel in 1968. The first award in this category went to Ragnar Frisch and Jan Tinbergen in 1969 for their development and application of dynamic models in the analysis of economic processes. The prize has also been awarded for theories and methodologies that are used in the studying and effective use of economic and financial resources, as well as macroeconomic economic policy and performance, development economics, international trade and the role of information.

For a full list of Nobel Laureates in Economic Sciences.

The Nobel Prize in Literature

Literature refers to creative writing of recognised artistic value. The Nobel Prize in Literature can be awarded to works of poetry, short stories, novels, plays, essays and speeches. The first award in this category went to poet and philosopher Sully Prudhomme for his 1865 work Stances et Poèmes. This prize has been given to a great variety of writers from different cultures and languages, famous and unknown.

South African Laureates:

Nadine Gordimer, 1991
1991 Nobel Laureate in Literature: Who through her magnificent epic writing has - in the words of Alfred Nobel - been of very great benefit to humanity ...read more.

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

Medicine relates to the branches of medical science that deal with non-surgical techniques while physics is the branch of biological sciences that deals with the functioning of living organisms. Our understanding of our own bodies and how to remain healthy in a world full of disease is essential to our existence and this award lauds researchers who help to achieve these goals. The first Nobel Prize in this category was given to Emil von Behring for his work on serum. His discoveries helped save countless lives. The prize has also been awarded for advances in immunology, genetics, neurobiology, diagnostics and drug development.

South African Laureates:

Max Theiler, 1951
1951 Nobel Laureate in Medicine: For his discoveries concerning yellow fever and how to combat it ...read more.

The Nobel Prize in Peace

Peace is described as the state that prevails in the absence of war or as harmonious relations. There are countless ways to achieve peace and the award has been given to many diverse groups and people. The first Nobel Peace Prize was shared by to Henry Dunant, the founder of the Red Cross, and Frédéric Passy, a leading international pacifist of his time. The Prize has since awarded humanitarian work, human rights advocacy and mediation of international conflicts, arms control and disarmament.

South African Laureates:

Albert Luthuli, 1960
1960 Nobel Peace Prize Laureate: President of the African National Congress in South Africa...read more.

Desmond Tutu, 1984
1984 Nobel Peace Prize Laureate: Bishop of Johannesburg and former Secretary General South African Council of Churches (S.A.C.C.). For his work against apartheid...read more. Read his acceptance speech.

Excerpt from the 1993 Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech:

We stand here today as nothing more than a representative of the millions of our people who dared to rise up against a social system whose very essence is war, violence, racism, oppression, repression and the impoverishment of an entire people.

FW de Klerk, 1993
1993 Nobel Peace Prize Laureate

Nelson Mandela, 1993
1993 Nobel Peace Prize Laureate

The Nobel Prize in Physics

Physics is the science of matter and energy and their interactions. Understanding physics helps us to understand how the world works. The first Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Wilhelm Röntgen for his discovery of X-rays, or Röntgen rays. The prize has also been given in recognition of research on cosmic radiation, communication technology, the structure of matter and superfluidity.

For the full list of all the Nobel Laureates in Physics .

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