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Conclusion
It can be concluded, that the death of Biko left a vacuum similar to the one created by the proscribing of the ANC and the PAC in the aftermath of Sharpeville. On the positive side, many youths had reached a level of consciousness about the plight of Blacks in apartheid South Africa that could not continue to be ignored. Contrary to expectation in White circles that the death of Biko would signal the end of resistance, the struggle instead escalated as political activism repeatedly manifested itself in various forms. Clearly, the role played by Biko and his colleagues in the BCM as well as in the fight for South Africa’s freedom cannot be under-estimated. Steve Biko’s life reflected the aspirations of many frustrated young Black intellectuals. Therefore, when he died, he became a martyr and symbol of Black Nationalism. His struggle focused critical world attention on South Africa more strongly than ever before. Even in death, Biko's influence lived on.
Bibliography:
Bernstein Hilda, No. 46 – Steve Biko, South African History Online, Feature: Biko Funeral,
http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/library-resources/online%20books/biko-no46/v-funeral.htm
Biko, S., [Frank Talk], “Lets Talk About Bantustans,” SASO Newsletter, September-October 1972.
Cawthra Gavin et al (eds.), War and Resistance, Southern African Reports: The Struggle for Southern Africa as Documented by Resister Magazine, London: The MacMillan Press Ltd., 1994.
Excerpts from Steve Biko’s address at a Black Theology seminar in Pietermaritzburg, 28 August 1971 cited in SASO Newsletter, September 1971.
Frances Ames, Feature: Obituaries, http://www.bmj.com/cgi/reprint/325/7376/1365.pdf
Google html version, Feature: Biko, http://recarney.iweb.bsu.edu/Biko.doc
Gutteridge William (ed.), South Africa: From Apartheid to National Unity, 1981-1994, Aldershot: Dartmouth Publishing Company Limited, 1995.
Johnson Shaun (ed.), South Africa: No Turning Back, London: The MacMillan Press Ltd., 1988.
Kalahari net books, Steve Biko Biography, Feature: Steve Biko, http://www.answers.com/topic/steve-biko
Lodge Tom, Black politics in South Africa since 1945, Johannesburg: Ravan Press, 1983.
Mokhtar Ziad, “The most potent weapon in the hands of the oppressor is the mind of the oppressed,” Feature: Steve Biko, http://zdmokhtar.blogspot.com
26 March 2007.
Mufson S, Fighting Years: Black Resistance and the Struggle for a New South Africa, Boston: Beacon Press, 1990.
Ndlovu S. M., The Soweto Uprisings: Counter-Memories of June 1976, Randburg: Ravan Press, 1998.
SASO Newsletter, September-October 1972, [SASO files].
Seidman Ann, The Roots of Crisis in Southern Africa, Trenton: Africa World Press, 1990.
Sono, T.1972. “In search of a Free and New Society.” Minutes of the Proceedings of the 3rd General Students’ Council of the South African Students Organisation, St Peter’s Seminary, Hammanskraal, 2-9 July 1972.
Steve Biko, “Let’s Talk About the Bantustans,” in I Write What I Like, London: Heinemann, 1978, cited in Mufson S, Fighting Years: Black Resistance and the Struggle for a New South Africa, Boston: Beacon Press, 1990.
Steve Biko Foundation (SBF), Feature: Frank Talk, http://www.sbf.org.za/index.htm?franktalk.htm~main
Wikipedia Online Encyclopaedia, Feature: Steve Biko, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Biko
Woods Donald, Biko, New York: Paddington Press, 1978.
Kane-Berman, J. 1978. Soweto: Black Revolt White Reaction, Johannesburg: Ravan Press.
Ramphele, M. 1995. Mamaphele Ramphele: A Life, Claremont: David Phillips.
Related further reading
Cooper, C. et al., Survey of Race Relations in South Africa, 1983.
Davenport, T. R. H., South Africa: A Modern History, 2nd Edition (1977).
Gerhart, G. M., Black Power in South Africa, 1979.
Hellman, E. and Lever, H., (eds.), Conflict and Progress, 1979.
Horrell, M. et al. Survey of Race Relations in South Africa, 1972.
Rand Daily Mail, 11 November, 1972.
Lodge, T., Black Politics in South Africa since 1945, 1983.
Random, P., (ed), Survey of Race Relations in South Africa, 1982.
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