"Refugee Kaffirs in the Transvaal: lady much alarmed at camera". Picture: South African Library's computerised Index to Illustrations. circa 1900.

The developement of guerrilla warfare after the occupation of the Boer capitals in 1900 meant the abandonment of conventional tactics: the civilian population of all races (mainly women and children) was drawn into the conflict directly. In an attempt to overcome Boer resistance, the British authorities, in September 1900, began to clear the countryside, relocating the inhabitants by force in seperate black and white 'refugee' or concentration camps.