South African History Online - This week in History Extra Dates

6 July - National day of Malawi. (Wallis, F. (2000). Nuusdagboek: feite en fratse oor 1000 jaar, Kaapstad: Human & Rousseau).

6 July 1792 -Sir Andries Stockenström, landdros of Graaff-Reinet (as his father had been) and later commissioner-general of the Eastern Province, is born in Cape Town. He played a prominent part in the suppression of the Slachter’s Nek rebellion. (Wallis, F. (2000). Nuusdagboek: feite en fratse oor 1000 jaar, Kaapstad: Human & Rousseau; Potgieter, D.J. et al. (eds)(1970). Standard Encyclopaedia of Southern Africa, Cape Town: NASOU, v. 10, p. 304). http://www.news24.co.za

6 July 1839 - Sir John Francis Cradock, soldier and governor of the Cape 1811-1814, dies in Grimston, Yorkshire. (Potgieter, D.J. et al. (eds)(1970). Standard Encyclopaedia of Southern Africa, Cape Town: NASOU, v. 3, p.469).

6 July 1858 - Kausobson Kausob, chief of a group of San that inhabited the area between the Modder, Riet and Vaal Rivers early in the nineteenth century, is killed in battle near Slypklip on the Vaal River. (Verwey, E.J. (ed)(1995). New Dictionary of South African Biography, v.1, Pretoria: HSRC.)

6 July 1865 - The Pretoria Rifle Corps is founded under Stephanus Schoeman as a volunteer corps to defend Pretoria and surroundings. The local police force was instituted at a later date. (Wallis, F. (2000). Nuusdagboek: feite en fratse oor 1000 jaar, Kaapstad: Human & Rousseau; (---, (2005). ‘Pretoria 1855-2005: Chronologie 1798-1935’, Bylaag tot Rekord).

6 July 1875 - Moiloa II (Moilwa) (born c. 1795), chief of the Moiloa clan of the Hurutshe from 1846-1875 who, through shrewd political action gained a measure of political independence from the ZAR, dies in Dinikana, Zeerust district. (Verwey, E.J. (ed)(1995). New Dictionary of South African Biography, v.1, Pretoria: HSRC.)

6 July 1916 - Audrey Blignault, Afrikaans author and essayist, is born in Bredasdorp, CP. (Wallis, F. (2000). Nuusdagboek: feite en fratse oor 1000 jaar, Kaapstad: Human & Rousseau).

6 July 1916 - Second-Lieutenant William Nimmo Brown of the 1st SA Infantry is killed in the Battle of the Somme and becomes the first South African officer killed in France during World War I. http://www.news24.co.za

6 July 1917 - Arab horsemen led by British officer T.E. Lawrence - also known as Lawrence of Arabia - capture the heavily garrisoned Turkish fort at Aqaba. http://www.news24.com/News24/On_this_day/On_this_day/0,,2-1602-1492_1549736,00.html

6 July 1937 - Bessie Amelia Head, novelist, short story writer and social historian is born in Pietermaritzburg. Being the daughter of a White mother (who was disowned by her parents and sent to a mental asylum where Head was born) and a Black father, she had a very difficult childhood. Allegedly her foster parents had rejected her at some stage because she was too Black and she was then raised in an Anglican mission orphanage. She was granted Botswana citizenship in 1979. (Verwey, E.J. (ed)(1995). New Dictionary of South African Biography, v.1, Pretoria: HSRC.)

6 July 1938 - Melius de Villiers (88), chief justice of the Orange Free State, dies in Stellenbosch. (Wallis, F. (2000). Nuusdagboek: feite en fratse oor 1000 jaar, Kaapstad: Human & Rousseau).

6 July 1939 - The Instituut vir Opvoeding en Onderwys (Institute for education and teaching) is founded in Bloemfontein during the National Congress of the FAK on Christian National Education. Prof. Johannes Cornelis van Rooy is the first chairman. (Wallis, F. (2000). Nuusdagboek: feite en fratse oor 1000 jaar, Kaapstad: Human & Rousseau).

6 July 1943 - I.B. Tabata requests Professor Davidson Don Tengo (D. D. T.) Jabavu to attend a meeting of the All African Convention (AAC) of the Western Province in Cape Town to discuss the AAC manifesto. http://www.sahistory.org.za/

6 July 1946 - 160 Passive Resisters are serving jail sentences. http://www.sahistory.org.za/

6 July 1951 - Prevention of Illegal Squatting Act No 52 commences. http://www.sahistory.org.za/

6 July 1963 - Robert McBride, ANC member who planted a bomb in Magoo’s Bar, Durban, and later became Ekurhuleni metro police chief, is born in the Coloured section of the Addington Hospital, Durban. (Wallis, F. (2000). Nuusdagboek: feite en fratse oor 1000 jaar, Kaapstad: Human & Rousseau) http://www.sahistory.org.za/

6 July 1964 - Fietas, Johannesburg: Mr. Mahomed Suliman Bhana, who had been active in the TIYC and is outspoken against apartheid policies, is served a banning order restricting him from attending any political or social gatherings, from entering any location and from leaving the Magisterial District of Johannesburg. http://www.sahistory.org.za/

6 July 1964 - Malawi gains independence from Britain (was Nyasaland, then federated with Northern and Southern Rhodesia between 1953 and 1963), with former Prime Minister, Hastings Kamuzu Banda, as president. It remains within the Commonwealth. (Wallis, F. (2000). Nuusdagboek: feite en fratse oor 1000 jaar, Kaapstad: Human & Rousseau).
http://africanhistory.about.com/library/thisweek/bl-tw06-5.htm
http://www.news24.co.za

SESA gives 6 July 1964 as the date of Malawi’s independence from Britain under Banda as prime minister. According to that source Malawi only became a Republic within the Commonwealth two years after independence, on 6 July 1966. (Potgieter, D.J. et al. (eds)(1970). Standard Encyclopaedia of Southern Africa, Cape Town: NASOU, v. 7, p. 139).

6 July 1967 -The Biafran War erupts as Nigerian forces invade the Republic of Biafra. The war claimed some 600,000 lives. About 1 million died of starvation. http://www.andibradley.com/whatya/jul06.htm
http://www.igbocsn.com/biafra.htm
http://www.news24.co.za

6 July 1970 - The British Conservative government’s intention to resume arms supplies to SA is announced in the House of Commons. Other Commonwealth governments are formally informed of this intention on 10-11 July 1970. Hostile reactions follow. (Kalley, J.A.; Schoeman, E. & Andor, L.E. (eds)(1999). Southern African Political History: a chronology of key political events from independence to mid-1997, Westport: Greenwood).

6 July 1971 - Kamuzu Banda is sworn in as Life President of Malawi. (SESA, v. 7, p. 139). http://www.news24.co.za

6 July 1975 - It is reported that Israel and South Africa are increasing their cooperation and contacts in the military sphere, and negotiating joint economic ventures, including the construction of a major new railway in Israel, and the building of a desalination plant in South Africa. (Kalley, J.A.; Schoeman, E. & Andor, L.E. (eds)(1999). Southern African Political History: a chronology of key political events from independence to mid-1997, Westport: Greenwood).

6 July 1975 - Comoros gains independence from France (Archipel des Comores), except for the island of Mayotte, which remains a French Overseas Territory. http://africanhistory.about.com/library/thisweek/bl-tw06-5.htm
http://www.andibradley.com/whatya/jul06.htm

6 July 1977 - Makhaya Ntini, SA cricket player, is born in Mdingi, near King William’s Town, Eastern Cape (Wallis, F. (2000). Nuusdagboek: feite en fratse oor 1000 jaar, Kaapstad: Human & Rousseau).
http://www.abcofcricket.com/profiles/safpp/safppmn/safppmn.htm

6 July 1979 - Six ANC exiles in Lesotho are injured in an attack in Maseru. (Wallis, F. (2000). Nuusdagboek: feite en fratse oor 1000 jaar, Kaapstad: Human & Rousseau).

6 July 1982 - Following an order granted to the KwaZulu government by the Supreme Court in Natal, officials of the Department of Cooperation and Development begin withdrawing from the disputed Ingwavuma area. The Prime Minister denies that he is going to reconvene Parliament to deal with this crisis, but may exercise this option later. (Kalley, J.A.; Schoeman, E. & Andor, L.E. (eds)(1999). Southern African Political History: a chronology of key political events from independence to mid-1997, Westport: Greenwood).

6 July 1982 - The Prime Minister announces a government reorganisation, including the creation of a new portfolio of Constitutional Development, the rearrangement of six ministries and the appointment of three new ministers. http://www.sahistory.org.za/

6 July 1987 - A fifty-two-strong delegation, led by Dr Frederik van Zyl Slabbert and Alex Boraine, leaves SA for talks with the African National Congress in Dakar, Senegal. http://www.news24.co.za

6 July 1987 - A new Black party, the Federal Independent Democratic Alliance (FIDA) is launched to oppose apartheid and prepares to work with the government. (Kalley, J.A.; Schoeman, E. & Andor, L.E. (eds)(1999). Southern African Political History: a chronology of key political events from independence to mid-1997, Westport: Greenwood).

6 July 1987 - Chief Mangosuthu Gatsha Buthelezi, leader of the Zulu Inkatha Movement, announces the transformation of the Movement into a multiracial political party. http://www.sahistory.org.za/

6 July 1988 -Two explosions rock Windhoek. The first, in a Klein Windhoek butchery, kills one person and injures eighteen others. The second, in Katatura township, damages an army truck. (Wallis, F. (2000). Nuusdagboek: feite en fratse oor 1000 jaar, Kaapstad: Human & Rousseau). http://www.news24.co.za

6 July 1990 - A number of people are injured in a bomb explosion at a taxi and bus terminal in Johannesburg. Right wing complicity is suspected. (Wallis, F. (2000). Nuusdagboek: feite en fratse oor 1000 jaar, Kaapstad: Human & Rousseau). http://www.news24.co.za
http://www.sahistory.org.za/

6 July 1992 - Several attacks take place on IFP members in Nyaninga, near Table Mountain. Mr Mfasheni Mkhize (56), Ntinini Mkhize (41) and Vumeleni Mkhize (45) are all shot and then burnt in their homes.
http://www.anc.org.za/anc/newsbrief/1992/news9207.08

6 July 1993 - Sixteen residents are killed in Katlehong in ANC-IFP related violence. (Coleman, M. (ed)(1998). A Crime Against Humanity: analysing the repression of the apartheid state, Johannesburg: Human Rights Committee, p. 266.)

6 July 1994 - Finance Minister Derek Keys resigns and former banker, Chris Liebenberg takes his place. (Kalley, J.A.; Schoeman, E. & Andor, L.E. (eds)(1999). Southern African Political History: a chronology of key political events from independence to mid-1997, Westport: Greenwood).

6 July 1994 - Eleven commuters are killed in a possible IFP-ANC related attack on minibus taxis and private vehicles in Germiston. (Coleman, M. (ed)(1998). A Crime Against Humanity: analysing the repression of the apartheid state, Johannesburg: Human Rights Committee, p. 266.)

6 July 1994 - The military government of Nigeria charges Moshood Abiola, the winner of an annulled presidential vote in 1993, with treason. He dies in prison in 1998. http://www.news24.co.za

6 July 1998 - Thirteen people are killed when a concrete bridge under construction over the Marite River at Inyaka Dam, about 10km from Bushbuckridge in Mpumalanga, collapses. (Wallis, F. (2000). Nuusdagboek: feite en fratse oor 1000 jaar, Kaapstad: Human & Rousseau). http://www.news24.com/News24/On_this_day/On_this_day/0,,2-1602-1492_1549736,00.html

6 July 1999 - The East Rand Proprietary Mines (ERPM) at Boksburg is granted provisional liquidation. The company announces it will be retrenching its entire workforce of 5 000. http://www.news24.co.za

6 July 2003 - Liberian President Charles Taylor accepts an offer of asylum in nearby Nigeria. US President George W Bush made Taylor’s departure a condition of US troops joining an international peacekeeping force in Liberia. http://www.news24.co.za

6 July 2004 - The Africa Union (AU) summit opens in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, and agrees to send 300 AU troops to protect ceasefire monitors in Sudan’s Darfur region. (BBC, (2004). ‘Key Dates’, Focus on Africa, October to December, v. 15 no. 4, p. 6).

6 July 2004 - UN Secretary General Kofi Annan tells leaders at the African Union summit in Addis Ababa that conflicts in Africa, including the crisis in western Sudan, are holding up the fifty-three-member union’s struggle to defeat poverty and hunger. (This Day, Wednesday July 7, 2004, p. 6).

6 July 2004 - President Olusegun Obasanjo of Nigeria is elected as the new president of the African Union for a year. (This Day, Wednesday July 7, 2004, p. 6).

6 July 2004 - Botswana launches a stinging attack on Survival International, the British human rights group who supports the land claim of the Basarwa tribe (San). The San took the government to court in 2002 in an effort not to be driven out of the Kalahari reserve, their homeland for the past 20 000 years. (This Day, Wednesday July 7, 2004, p. 5).

6 July 2004 - A UN report states Sub-Saharan African women and young girls are the hardest hit by Aids. (This Day, Wednesday July 7, 2004, p. 6).

7 July 1501 - João da Nova, Portuguese navigator on his way to India, finds letters and a document in a shoe hanging from a milk wood tree at Mossel Bay. (Wallis, F. (2000). Nuusdagboek: feite en fratse oor 1000 jaar, Kaapstad: Human & Rousseau).

7 July 1798 - Napoleon Bonaparte’s army begins its march towards Cairo from Alexandria, Napoleon’s desert nemesis. http://www.andibradley.com/whatya/jul07.htm

7 July 1803 - The Commissary-General of the Cape, Jacob Abraham de Mist, in his capacity as Deputy Grand Master National, dedicates the temple of the lodge De Goede Hoop in Cape Town. http://www.news24.com/News24/On_this_day/On_this_day/0,,2-1602-1492_1550278,00.html

7 July 1889 - Constance Annie Nothard, nursing sister and recipient of the Florence Nightingale Medal, highest award of the International Red Cross Society, and the first Gold Medal of the South African Nursing Association, is born in the Eastern Cape. (Sonderling, N.E. (ed.) New Dictionary of South African Biography, v. 2).

7 July 1890 - Albertus Johannes Roux van Rhijn, first chief editor of Die Volksblad as daily newspaper, member of parliament and administrator of South West Africa, is born in Vanrhynsdorp, Namaqualand. (Wallis, F. (2000). Nuusdagboek: feite en fratse oor 1000 jaar, Kaapstad: Human & Rousseau).

7 July 1922 - Jaco van der Merwe, SA baritone, is born. (Wallis, F. (2000). Nuusdagboek: feite en fratse oor 1000 jaar, Kaapstad: Human & Rousseau).

7 July 1940 - Federale Volksbeleggings Beperk (FVB) is founded. (Wallis, F. (2000). Nuusdagboek: feite en fratse oor 1000 jaar, Kaapstad: Human & Rousseau).

7 July 1943 - Henning J. Klopper is elected as member of parliament for Vredefort (OFS) and leaves the railway service. He became speaker of the House of Assembly in 1961. (Wallis, F. (2000). Nuusdagboek: feite en fratse oor 1000 jaar, Kaapstad: Human & Rousseau; SESA, v. 10, p. 210).

7 July 1943 - Pieter Willem Adriaan Mulder (65), champion of Afrikaans, dies in Pretoria. (Wallis, F. (2000). Nuusdagboek: feite en fratse oor 1000 jaar, Kaapstad: Human & Rousseau).

7 July 1950 - The Population Registration Act, No. 30 of 1950 is promulgated. (Potgieter, D.J. et al. (eds)(1970). Standard Encyclopaedia of Southern Africa, Cape Town: NASOU, v. 9, p. 10.)

7 July 1950 - Group Areas Act, No. 41 of 1950 is promulgated.
http://www.sahistory.org.za/

7 July 1952 - Joseph Maqhekeni, leading trade unionist is born in Umtata, Transkei. (Hayes, S. (ed)(2000). Who’s Who of Southern Africa 2001…, Graighall: Jonathan Ball).

7 July 1954 - Frederick Johannes (Frikkie) Potgieter, S.A sculptor, is born in Bloemfontein, Orange Free State. (Rankin: Images of Wood, p. 144).

7 July 1954 - The politically oriented Tanganyika African National Union (TANU) party is founded in Tanzania.
http://www.andibradley.com/whatya/jul07.htm
http://www.bartleby.com/65/ta/Tanzania.html

7 July 1960 - Belgium sends troops to the newly independent Congo.
http://www.news24.com/News24/On_this_day/On_this_day/0,,2-1602-1492_1550278,00.html

7 July 1966 - SA signs a treaty with Great Britain on the temporary waiver of the margin of preference on flat white maize. (Kalley, J.A.; Schoeman, E. & Andor, L.E. (eds)(1999). Southern African Political History: a chronology of key political events from independence to mid-1997, Westport: Greenwood).

7 July 1967 - Federal troops are sent into Biafra, the oil rich eastern region of Nigeria, which declared an intention to secede on 30 May. http://africanhistory.about.com/library/thisweek/bl-tw07-1.htm

7 July 1970 - The Rev. David Petrus Matthys Beukes, moderator of the Dutch Reformed church, is elected as 4th chairman of the FAK. (Swart: Afrikaanse Kultuuralmanak).

7 July 1974 - New Zealand imposes a blanket ban on virtually all visits by sports teams from South Africa. (Kalley, J.A.; Schoeman, E. & Andor, L.E. (eds)(1999). Southern African Political History: a chronology of key political events from independence to mid-1997, Westport: Greenwood).

7 July 1976 - Dora Bloch, one of the elderly British hostages taken on hijacked Flight 139 (an Air France A-300B Airbus hijacked from Athens on 26 June) is reported as still missing. It is revealed later that she was evacuated to a Kampala hospital during the early days of the hijack, and was killed by Ugandan President Idi Amin Dada’s forces as retaliation for the Israeli raid on 3 July. http://africanhistory.about.com/library/thisweek/bl-tw07-1.htm

7 July 1985 - Government Notice No 76, providing for emergency regulations for the maintenance of law and order, commences. http://www.sahistory.org.za/

7 July 1985 - Boris Becker (17) of West Germany beats Kevin Curren of SA on Wimbledon and becomes the youngest ever tennis champion. (Wallis, F. (2000). Nuusdagboek: feite en fratse oor 1000 jaar, Kaapstad: Human & Rousseau).

7 July 1986 - After enduring more than twenty years of government banning, Winnie Mandela is freed of all state-ordered restriction. (Kalley, J.A.; Schoeman, E. & Andor, L.E. (eds)(1999). Southern African Political History: a chronology of key political events from independence to mid-1997, Westport: Greenwood).

7 July 1987 - The director of Maputo’s harbour meets SA Foreign Trade organisations to discuss a joint “master plan” to encourage SA exporters and importers to use the harbour. http://www.news24.com/News24/On_this_day/On_this_day/0,,2-1602-1492_1550278,00.html

7 July 1988 - Five prominent anti-apartheid activists from Cape Town are released after being detained for up to two years under the emergency measures, but three of them are served with restriction orders limiting their movements and activities and barring them from speaking to the press. The five are Trevor Manuel, Ebrahim Rasool, Mountrain Qumbela and Hilda Ndude, all officials of the United Democratic Front (UDF) in the Western Cape region, and Mzonke Jacobs, president of the Cape Youth Congress. http://www.sahistory.org.za/

7 July 1990 - Tens of thousands of people march without incident in cities and towns across South Africa at the end of a week of action against violence in Natal called by the African National Congress, the Congress of South African Trade Unions, the South African Youth Congress and the United Democratic Front. http://www.news24.com/News24/On_this_day/On_this_day/0,,2-1602-1492_1550278,00.html

7 July 1990 - An illegal demonstration in Kenya becomes known as the “Saba Saba” (Seven Seven - the date in Swahili). The government sends in police and military, killing at least twenty and arresting several hundreds, including politicians, human rights activists and journalists. http://crawfurd.dk/africa/kenya_timeline.htm

7 July 1993 - Eleven residents are killed in Katlehong in ongoing township violence in Katlehong and Tokoza. (Coleman, M. (ed)(1998). A Crime Against Humanity: analysing the repression of the apartheid state, Johannesburg: Human Rights Committee, p. 266.)

7 July 1996 - In a television broadcast President Mandela confirms that he will not stand for re-election in 1999. (Kalley, J.A.; Schoeman, E. & Andor, L.E. (eds)(1999). Southern African Political History: a chronology of key political events from independence to mid-1997, Westport: Greenwood).

7 July 1998 - Brig. Theuns Swanepoel (“Rooi Rus”) (70), one of the most feared interrogators of the SA Security Police, dies in Roodepoort. (Wallis, F. (2000). Nuusdagboek: feite en fratse oor 1000 jaar, Kaapstad: Human & Rousseau).

7 July 1998 - Nigeria’s most prominent political prisoner, Moshood Abiola, dies of an apparent heart attack a few days before he was expected to be released. http://www.news24.com/News24/On_this_day/On_this_day/0,,2-1602-1492_1550278,00.html

7 July 2003 - US President George W Bush’s administration acknowledges for the first time that Bush relied on faulty intelligence when he claimed in his January State of the Union address that Iraq had sought to buy uranium from Africa. http://www.news24.com/News24/On_this_day/On_this_day/0,,2-1602-1492_1550278,00.html

7 July 2004 - This Day reports that the SA movie, Senter, produced by students from the South African School of Motion Picture Medium and Live Performance (Afda), has won the award for the best short film at the seventh Zanzibar International Film Festival of the Dhow Countries. (This Day, Wednesday July 7, 2004, p. 7).

8 July 1497 - Navigator Vasco da Gama departs from Portugal at the head of a fleet in search of a sea route to India. His fleet sailed along the coast of Africa, the Middle East, and eventually reached India almost a year later. As a result of his trip, Portuguese King Emmanuel I conferred him the title of Admiral of the Indian Ocean. (Wallis, F. (2000). Nuusdagboek: feite en fratse oor 1000 jaar, Kaapstad: Human & Rousseau; Kruger, D.W. (ed)(1979). Geskiedenis van Suid-Afrika; verwerk en bygewerk deur D.W. Kruger; 3de bygewerkte uitg., Goodwood, Cape Town: NASOU, p. 9). http://www.andibradley.com/whatya/jul08.htm

8 July 1658 - Herry, also known as Autshumao, Hottentot (Khoi-Khoi) interpreter and chief of the Goringhaikonas, is banished to Robben Island with two of his followers after several misdemeanours like murdering a cattle-herd and stealing cattle and also barter goods. (Wallis, F. (2000). Nuusdagboek: feite en fratse oor 1000 jaar, Kaapstad: Human & Rousseau; Potgieter, D.J. et al. (eds)(1970). Standard Encyclopaedia of Southern Africa, Cape Town: NASOU, v. 5, p. 500).

8 July 1714 - Baron Pieter van Rheede, appointed governor of the Cape who died at sea on his way to the Cape, is born in Utrecht, the Netherlands. (Wallis, F. (2000). Nuusdagboek: feite en fratse oor 1000 jaar, Kaapstad: Human & Rousseau).

8 July 1752 - The expedition of August Friedrich Beutler reaches Tembuland, which he enters on his map as “Tamboegies Land”. From there they turned west to the upper courses of the Fish River. (Wallis, F. (2000). Nuusdagboek: feite en fratse oor 1000 jaar, Kaapstad: Human & Rousseau).

8 July 1786 - Petrus Borchardus Borcherds, adjunct fiscal and member of the Council of Justice at the Cape, is born in Cape Town. (Wallis, F. (2000). Nuusdagboek: feite en fratse oor 1000 jaar, Kaapstad: Human & Rousseau).

8 July 1817 - Jan Gerritze Bantjes, teacher and secretary to the provisional Voortrekker administration and to Comdt.-Gen. Andries Pretorius, is born in Graaff-Reinet district. He documented the treaty between Retief and Dingaan. (Potgieter, D.J. et al. (eds)(1970). Standard Encyclopaedia of Southern Africa, Cape Town: NASOU, v. 2, p. 48).

8 July 1883 - Ruth (Ethel) Prowse, SA artist in whose house the Ruth Prowse Art Centre was opened, is born in Queenstown, Eastern Cape. (Potgieter, D.J. et al. (eds)(1970). Standard Encyclopaedia of Southern Africa, Cape Town: NASOU, v. 9, p. 172).

8 July 1895 - Opening of Delagoa Bay Railway. (Burne: Chronicle of the World; The Star July 8 2004. Milestones.) According to SESA, the regular railway service between Pretoria and Lourenço Marques stared on 1 January 1895. (Potgieter, D.J. et al. (eds)(1970). Standard Encyclopaedia of Southern Africa, Cape Town: NASOU, v. 8).

8 July 1899 - William Philip Schreiner, prime minister in the Cape Colony at the start of Anglo-Boer War 2, summarises the pressure his government has been brought to bear on the ZAR in an article in the South African News, and stresses, “We are at liberty to say that the Government regards these (Kruger’s) proposals as adequate, satisfactory and as such should secure a peaceful settlement.” (Cloete: The Anglo-Boer War: a chronology; Potgieter, D.J. et al. (eds)(1970). Standard Encyclopaedia of Southern Africa, Cape Town: NASOU, v. 9, p. 529).

8 July 1904 - Gen. Louis Botha, member of the church council of the Nederduitsche Hervormde Kerk, lays the corner stone of the Hervormde church in Du Toit street, Pretoria. (Wallis, F. (2000). Nuusdagboek: feite en fratse oor 1000 jaar, Kaapstad: Human & Rousseau).

8 July 1908 - The largest organised trek to East Africa, under Jan van Rensburg, consisting of seventy families with forty-seven wagons and seventy horses, reaches Mombasa on board of the German ship Windhuk. (Wallis, F. (2000). Nuusdagboek: feite en fratse oor 1000 jaar, Kaapstad: Human & Rousseau).

8 July 1920 - Britain annexes East African Protectorate as Kenya Colony.
http://www.news24.com/News24/On_this_day/On_this_day/0,6119,2-1602-1492_1550943,00.html

8 July 1924 - Aubrey Rainier, SA cellist and orchestra leader, is born. (Wallis, F. (2000). Nuusdagboek: feite en fratse oor 1000 jaar, Kaapstad: Human & Rousseau).

8 July 1933 - The SA rugby team beats Australia 17-3 in Newlands, Cape Town. (Wallis, F. (2000). Nuusdagboek: feite en fratse oor 1000 jaar, Kaapstad: Human & Rousseau).

8 July 1938 - Alan Solomon, SA violist and music professor, is born. (Wallis, F. (2000). Nuusdagboek: feite en fratse oor 1000 jaar, Kaapstad: Human & Rousseau).

8 July 1943 - Gerda Hartman, SA soprano, is born. (Wallis, F. (2000). Nuusdagboek: feite en fratse oor 1000 jaar, Kaapstad: Human & Rousseau).

8 July 1946 - Passive Resister reports that hundreds of (Passive) Resisters have appeared before court - some on as many as five different charges. It says the government attempts to side step the real issue by charging Resisters under the old Natal Law of Trespass. The Riotous Assemblies Act was invoked against the leaders of the movement, and they were given long terms of imprisonment. Hundreds of Resisters were fined £5 each with no alternative of imprisonment. They were told that if they did not pay their fines, their property would be attached. No one, however, paid the fine. http://www.sahistory.org.za/

8 July 1949 - Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act No 55, prohibiting marriages between Whites and members of other racial groups, commences. www.sahistory.org.za

8 July 1950 - General Douglas MacArthur is named commander-in-chief of United Nations (UN) forces in Korea, including more than 800 South Africans. http://www.andibradley.com/whatya/jul08.htm
http://www.brainyhistory.com/events/1950/july_8_1950_111576.html

8 July 1957 - Christiaan Maurits van den Heever (55), Afrikaans novelist, dies in Johannesburg. (Wallis, F. (2000). Nuusdagboek: feite en fratse oor 1000 jaar, Kaapstad: Human & Rousseau).

8 July 1960 - Kananelo Mosalla Makhetha, managing director of Connex Travel (1996-) and former financial manager of Rennies Travel and other companies, is born. (Hayes, S. (ed)(2000). Who’s Who of Southern Africa 2001…, Graighall: Jonathan Ball).

8 July 1960 -The newly independent Republic of Congo’s army mutinies against Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba’s government. Europeans are reported to be fleeing the country. Belgium sends troops to Congo Republic. Patrice Lumumba appeals to the UN for military assistance. http://africanhistory.about.com/library/thisweek/bl-tw07-1.htm
http://www.nameyourdate.co.uk/Nameyourdate/Datepages/07031960.htm

8 July 1961 - Malmesbury Convention of Coloured leaders (8-10 July) starts. http://www.sahistory.org.za/

8 July 1961 - The Portuguese steamer Save breaks up off the coast of Mozambique, 227 people die as a result.
http://www.andibradley.com/whatya/jul08.htm

8 July 1966 - Prince Charles Ndizeye, the Burundian royal heir, announces that his father, Mwami Mwambutsa IV, is to abdicate on his behalf. http://africanhistory.about.com/library/thisweek/bl-tw07-1.htm

8 July 1980 - Foreign Minister ‘Pik’ Botha announces that all senior members of the South African diplomatic mission in Salisbury have been withdrawn. (Kalley, J.A.; Schoeman, E. & Andor, L.E. (eds)(1999). Southern African Political History: a chronology of key political events from independence to mid-1997, Westport: Greenwood).

8 July 1980 - Johannes P. Meintjies (57), SA painter and poet, dies. (Wallis, F. (2000). Nuusdagboek: feite en fratse oor 1000 jaar, Kaapstad: Human & Rousseau).

8 July 1987 - Angolan news agency Angop reports that South African troops, backed by planes, tanks and artillery, used chemical weapons in attacks inside Angola. The SA Defence Force says the allegations are an attempt to minimise setbacks incurred by Unita victories in the area. http://www.news24.com/News24/On_this_day/On_this_day/0,6119,2-1602-1492_1550943,00.html

8 July 1988 - The government introduces the Extension of Political Participation Bill, empowering the government to divide the country into a number of regions and call elections to Legislative Council for each region through which non-homeland Blacks can articulate their political aspirations. The ANC and the Inkatha Freedom Party express their opposition to these reforms. (Kalley, J.A.; Schoeman, E. & Andor, L.E. (eds)(1999). Southern African Political History: a chronology of key political events from independence to mid-1997, Westport: Greenwood).

8 July 1989 - Justice Minister Kobie Coetsee states that Prime Minister Botha and Nelson Mandela had not discussed policy matters or engaged in negotiations on 5 July, but had confirmed “their support for peaceful development in South Africa”. http://www.sahistory.org.za/

8 July 1990 - Thousands of Alexandra township residents attend the funeral of activist Meshack Kunene. Security police killed him on 30 June during a welcome rally for the ANC Secretary-General, Mr. Alfred Nzo. http://www.sahistory.org.za/

8 July 1990 - Dr Allan Boesak resigns from the DR Mission church after allegations of an extramarital affair. (Wallis, F. (2000). Nuusdagboek: feite en fratse oor 1000 jaar, Kaapstad: Human & Rousseau).

8 July 1991 - Brig. Oupa Gqozo, chairman of the Ciskei state council, founds the African Democratic Movement and rejects unitary state. (Wallis, F. (2000). Nuusdagboek: feite en fratse oor 1000 jaar, Kaapstad: Human & Rousseau).

8 July 1991 - South Africa opens an office of representation in Moscow.
http://www.news24.com/News24/On_this_day/On_this_day/0,6119,2-1602-1492_1550943,00.html

8 July 1991 - SA signs a memorandum of understanding with Great Britain concerning drug trafficking. (Kalley, J.A.; Schoeman, E. & Andor, L.E. (eds)(1999). Southern African Political History: a chronology of key political events from independence to mid-1997, Westport: Greenwood).

8 July 1991 - Douglas Hurd, UK Foreign Secretary, on three-day visit to SA, meets De Klerk, Mandela and PAC President Clarence Makwetu. http://www.sahistory.org.za/

8 July 1991 - Michael Mapongwana, chair of Western Cape Civic Association and a taxi driver taxi are killed in the taxi. (Coleman, M. (ed)(1998). A Crime Against Humanity: analysing the repression of the apartheid state, Johannesburg: Human Rights Committee, p. 253.)

8 July 1992 - SA signs agreement with the International Committee of the Red Cross regarding visits by the ICRC to persons held in South African prisons. (Kalley, J.A.; Schoeman, E. & Andor, L.E. (eds)(1999). Southern African Political History: a chronology of key political events from independence to mid-1997, Westport: Greenwood).

8 July 1993 - SA exchanges notes with Sudan regarding the establishment of a trade representative office of the Sudan in Pretoria. (Kalley, J.A.; Schoeman, E. & Andor, L.E. (eds)(1999). Southern African Political History: a chronology of key political events from independence to mid-1997, Westport: Greenwood).

8 July 1993 - Seven Muslim radicals are hanged in Egypt for attacking foreign tourists in their campaign to overthrow the government. http://www.news24.com/News24/On_this_day/On_this_day/0,6119,2-1602-1492_1550943,00.html

8 July 1999 - Stephan Bouwer (50), author of television productions, cabarets and lyrics, dies in his sleep in Johannesburg. (Wallis, F. (2000). Nuusdagboek: feite en fratse oor 1000 jaar, Kaapstad: Human & Rousseau).

8 July 2002 - A group of about 150 women occupy the Chevron Texaco Corp oil pipeline terminal in Escravos, Nigeria, trapping some 700 workers inside in a seven-day siege. The women demand that Chevron Texaco employ their sons and provide their villages with electricity. http://www.news24.com/News24/On_this_day/On_this_day/0,6119,2-1602-1492_1550943,00.html

9 July - International Small Arms Destruction Day. http://www.nyc.gov.za/calendar/calendar_of_events.htm

9 July 1847 - Sister Henrietta Stockdale, nursing pioneer in SA, is born in Nottinghamshire, England. (Wallis, F. (2000). Nuusdagboek: feite en fratse oor 1000 jaar, Kaapstad: Human & Rousseau).

9 July 1888 - Death of President J.H. Brand of the Orange Free State.
http://www.news24.com/News24/On_this_day/On_this_day/0,,2-1602-1492_1551687,00.html

9 July 1890 - Prof. Johannes Cornelis van Rooy, chairman of the FAK 1941-1951, is born in Steynsburg, Karoo.
(Wallis, F. (2000). Nuusdagboek: feite en fratse oor 1000 jaar, Kaapstad: Human & Rousseau).

9 July 1893 - George Christopher Cato (79), Natal pioneer and first mayor of Durban, dies in the city. (Wallis, F. (2000). Nuusdagboek: feite en fratse oor 1000 jaar, Kaapstad: Human & Rousseau).

9 July 1900 - Anglo-Boer War 2: Lieutenant General Hunter and Brigadier-General Sir Hector A. MacDonald arrive at Bethlehem, OFS. Hunter takes over command of all the British forces in the north-eastern Free State. (Cloete: The Anglo-Boer War: a chronology).

9 July 1901 - Anglo-Boer War 2: ‘Long Cecil’, the gun designed and manufactured by G.F. Labram and used by the British during the siege, is taken from Kimberley by train to be exhibited during the visit of the Duke and Duchess of Cornwall, later King George V and Queen Mary. (Cloete: The Anglo-Boer War: a chronology; Potgieter, D.J. et al. (eds)(1970). Standard Encyclopaedia of Southern Africa, Cape Town: NASOU, v. 6, p. 513).

9 July 1915 - WWI: Dr Theodore Seitz, governor of German South West Africa, surrenders at the farm Khorab, between Otavi and Tsumeb, to Gen. Louis Botha. (Wallis, F. (2000). Nuusdagboek: feite en fratse oor 1000 jaar, Kaapstad: Human & Rousseau; SESA, v. 11, p. 509; Muller, C.F.J. (ed)(1981). Five Hundred years: a history of South Africa; 3rd rev. ed., Pretoria: Academica, p. 403.)

9 July 1933 - The Executive of the South African Indian Congress (SAIC) meets in Durban and appoints S.R. Naidoo as the SAIC’s nominee to the Young Committee. Albert Christopher, Manilal Gandhi and P.R. Pather, arguing for non-cooperation with the Committee, strongly condemn the appointment. http://www.sahistory.org.za/

9 July 1934 - The Hitler youth movement is prohibited in South-West Africa. (Wallis, F. (2000). Nuusdagboek: feite en fratse oor 1000 jaar, Kaapstad: Human & Rousseau).

9 July 1948 - Jeanne Zaidel-Rudolph, SA composer, is born. (Wallis, F. (2000). Nuusdagboek: feite en fratse oor 1000 jaar, Kaapstad: Human & Rousseau).

9 July 1948 - A month-long cease-fire ends in the Middle East as Egypt attacks Israeli positions by air. At the same time Iraq attacks by land. http://africanhistory.about.com/library/thisweek/bl-tw07-1.htm

9 July 1959 - A Royal Air Force Valiant under Wing Commander M.J. Beetham sets a new record for the London-Cape Town flight, completing the journey in 11 hours 27 minutes.
http://www.news24.com/News24/On_this_day/On_this_day/0,,2-1602-1492_1551687,00.html

9 July 1968 - The University Christian Movement ‘s (UCM) Second Annual Conference, held at Stutterheim (9-15 July), is attended by 150 students (majority non-White), faculties and chaplains. http://www.sahistory.org.za/

9 July 1971 - Some 2 000 men storm King Hassan’s birthday party in Morocco, killing 100 people in an attempted coup; the king survives. (The Star July 9 2004. Milestones.)

9 July 1976 - Uganda asks the United Nations (UN) to condemn the Israeli hostage rescue raid on Entebbe.
http://www.andibradley.com/whatya/jul09.htm

9 July 1984 - Professor Arthur Edward Herbert Bleksley, mathematician and astronomer, dies in Johannesburg. (Sonderling, N.E. (ed.) New Dictionary of South African Biography, v. 2).

9 July 1984 - SA signs Protocol amending the International Convention for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas. (Kalley, J.A.; Schoeman, E. & Andor, L.E. (eds)(1999). Southern African Political History: a chronology of key political events from independence to mid-1997, Westport: Greenwood).

9 July 1985 - Chad and Zaire sign an agreement on military co-operation. (Bute: The Black Handbook).

9 July 1986 - The Minister of Home Affairs of KwaNdebele, Piet Ntuli, is killed in a car bomb explosion in the homeland. (Wallis, F. (2000). Nuusdagboek: feite en fratse oor 1000 jaar, Kaapstad: Human & Rousseau). The date of this event is also given as 19 July 1986 and 29 July 1986. http://www.dispatch.co.za/1999/04/13/southafrica/HONESTY.HTM

9 July 1987 - Mozambique and the Soviet Union reject the findings of the Margo Commission on the air disaster in which Pres. Samora Machel was killed. The Commission found that the accident was caused by an error of the crew and was not lured off course by a decoy beacon as alleged. (Wallis, F. (2000). Nuusdagboek: feite en fratse oor 1000 jaar, Kaapstad: Human & Rousseau; Kalley, J.A.; Schoeman, E. & Andor, L.E. (eds)(1999). Southern African Political History: a chronology of key political events from independence to mid-1997, Westport: Greenwood).). http://www.anc.org.za/anc/newsbrief/1996/news0702

9 July 1987 - Sixty-one White South Africans, mainly from the Afrikaans community, meet the ANC in Dakar (9-12 July), in search of a democratic alternative for South Africa. Eric Mntonga, an IDASA official, who organised this meeting, is found stabbed to death.
(Kalley, J.A.; Schoeman, E. & Andor, L.E. (eds)(1999). Southern African Political History: a chronology of key political events from independence to mid-1997, Westport: Greenwood).

9 July 1988 - A Venda schoolteacher, Mr Mkosi Mavhina, is found hanging from a tree 20km from his home. A post-mortem examination reveals that he died from asphyxia caused by hanging. Pupils insist that he had died as result of a ritual murder and that the Venda administration was responsible for his death. After his burial on 23 July, they started a class boycott. Two weeks later students of the University of Venda joined them. (South African Institute of Race Relations. (1989). Race Relations Survey 1988/89, Johannesburg: South African Institute of Race Relations, p. 95).

9 July 1991 - SA, suspended since 1964, rejoins the International Olympic Committee and is allowed to take part in the next Olympic Games to be held in Barcelona, Spain. http://www.sahistory.org.za/
http://www.countrystudies.us/south-africa/89.htm
http://www.guardian.co.uk/fromthearchive/story/0,,1257634,00.html

9 July 1991 - The British actors’ union, Equity, decides to retain its ban on the sale of television and other recorded material to South Africa. http://www.news24.com/News24/On_this_day/On_this_day/0,,2-1602-1492_1551687,00.html

9 July 1992 - Chief Julius Matatu, former Transkei minister and prominent traditional leader, is shot and killed at his home in Mqanduli, Transkei. (Coleman, M. (ed)(1998). A Crime Against Humanity: analysing the repression of the apartheid state, Johannesburg: Human Rights Committee, p. 255.)

9 July 1992 - Bafana Bafana, the SA soccer team, loses against Cameroon 1-2 in a home match. (2004). Footballer of the decade: Bafana Bafana record. Kick Off. Special ed. 1994-2004, p. 10.

9 July 1994 - The SA rugby team loses the first test in Dunedin against New Zealand 14-22. (Wallis, F. (2000). Nuusdagboek: feite en fratse oor 1000 jaar, Kaapstad: Human & Rousseau).

9 July 1995 - Ex-Police Commissioner General Johan van der Merwe implicates Deputy President F.W. de Klerk in being informed about a ‘dirty tricks’ campaign waged against the ANC to undermine it between 1990 and the 1994 election. (Kalley, J.A.; Schoeman, E. & Andor, L.E. (eds)(1999). Southern African Political History: a chronology of key political events from independence to mid-1997, Westport: Greenwood).

9 July 1996 - Pres. Nelson Mandela leaves for England on his first state visit to that country (9 – 13 July). (Wallis, F. (2000). Nuusdagboek: feite en fratse oor 1000 jaar, Kaapstad: Human & Rousseau).
http://africanhistory.about.com/library/thisweek/bl-tw07-1.htm
http://www.sahistory.org.za/

9 July 2000 - Police fire tear gas at unruly fans during a World Cup qualifying soccer game between Zimbabwe and South Africa, setting off a stampede that kills twelve people.
http://www.news24.com/News24/On_this_day/On_this_day/0,,2-1602-1492_1551687,00.html

10 July 1797 - Petrus Lafras (Piet) Uys, Voortrekker leader, is born in the district of Swellendam. (Wallis, F. (2000). Nuusdagboek: feite en fratse oor 1000 jaar, Kaapstad: Human & Rousseau).

10 July 1836 - Sir William Cornwallis Harris, traveller, hunter and renowned artist, arrives in Algoa Bay from where he sets out on a hunting expedition. While in the Magaliesberg area, he was the first White to record the sable antelope.
(Wallis, F. (2000). Nuusdagboek: feite en fratse oor 1000 jaar, Kaapstad: Human & Rousseau; Joyce: The South African Family Encyclopaedia).

10 July 1848 - Sir Marshall Campbell, SA sugar pioneer, is born in Glasgow. (Wallis, F. (2000). Nuusdagboek: feite en fratse oor 1000 jaar, Kaapstad: Human & Rousseau).

10 July 1853 - Dr George Lindsay Johnson, SA ophthalmologist and authority on the eyes of animals, is born in England. (Wallis, F. (2000). Nuusdagboek: feite en fratse oor 1000 jaar, Kaapstad: Human & Rousseau).

10 July 1888 - João Albasini (75), elephant-hunter, trader and White chief of the Magwamba tribe, dies in the Soutpansberg district. (Wallis, F. (2000). Nuusdagboek: feite en fratse oor 1000 jaar, Kaapstad: Human & Rousseau).

10 July 1898 - During the years of territorial disputes between France and Britain in Africa, a French expedition under Jean-Batiste Marchand reaches Fashoda in Egyptian Sudan, signs a treaty with Dinka mek, and hoists French tricolour. (Pakenham, T. (1991). The Scramble for Africa, Johannesburg: Jonathan Ball).
http://kanga.pvhs.chico.k12.ca.us/~bsilva/projects/scramble/fashoda.htm

10 July 1899 - Anglo-Boer War 2: Queensland, Australia, offers military aid to Britain. (Cloete: The Anglo-Boer War: a chronology).

10 July 1900 - Anglo-Boer War 2: In a letter to Lord Roberts, Chief Commandant de Wet protests against the indiscriminate destruction of private property by British troops. (Cloete: The Anglo-Boer War: a chronology).

10 July 1900 - Anglo-Boer War 2: Col. Lawson reports that the De Beer and Van Rooyen’s commando, raiding the upper Tugela from the Free State, includes thirty armed Basotho and twenty other armed Blacks. (Cloete: The Anglo-Boer War: a chronology).

10 July 1900 - Robert Hector Catterall, SA cricket player in twenty-four test matches, is born in Port Elizabeth. (Wallis, F. (2000). Nuusdagboek: feite en fratse oor 1000 jaar, Kaapstad: Human & Rousseau).
http://www.andibradley.com/whatya/jul10.htm

10 July 1936 - Representation of Blacks Act No 12, removing Black voters in the Cape from the common roll and placing them on a separate roll, commences. Four White senators represent Blacks throughout the Union.
http://www.sahistory.org.za/

10 July 1940 - Dawie de Villiers, Springbok rugby captain and later cabinet minister, is born. (Wallis, F. (2000). Nuusdagboek: feite en fratse oor 1000 jaar, Kaapstad: Human & Rousseau).

10 July 1940 - Sponono Francina Baloyi, nurse, current ANC MP and former Minister of Health and Welfare, KaNgwane, is born. (Hayes, S. (ed)(2000). Who’s Who of Southern Africa 2001 …, Graighall: Jonathan Ball.)

10 July 1942 - Robey Leibbrandt and six other appear in the supreme court on a charge of high treason. (---, (2005). ‘Pretoria 1855-2005: Chronologie 1798-1935’, Bylaag tot Rekord.)

10 July 1956 - Solomon Kalushi (Khala) Mahlangu, Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK) soldier executed for murder in 1979, is born in Mamelodi, Pretoria. (Sonderling, N.E. (ed.) New Dictionary of South African Biography, v. 2).

10 July 1961 - Ulrich Louis (Uli) Schmidt, SA rugby player and later Springbok team doctor, is born in Pretoria. (Wallis, F. (2000). Nuusdagboek: feite en fratse oor 1000 jaar, Kaapstad: Human & Rousseau).

10 July 1962 - SA signs the International Wheat Agreement. http://www.sahistory.org.za/

10 July 1964 - Moïse-Kapenda Tshombe, leader of the Confederation of Tribal Associations of Katanga, becomes prime minister of the Democratic Republic of Congo. http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Congo-Kinshasa.html
http://africanhistory.about.com/library/thisweek/bl-tw07-1.htm

10 July 1965 - The Netherlands Foreign Minister Dr. Luns says in The Hague that the Dutch government’s gift of 20,000 Pounds Sterling to the Defence and Aid Fund is pledged to an organisation legally active in South Africa for many years, and is part of their international care and responsibility role. (Kalley, J.A.; Schoeman, E. & Andor, L.E. (eds)(1999). Southern African Political History: a chronology of key political events from independence to mid-1997, Westport: Greenwood).

10 July 1968 - The International Lawn Tennis Federation (ILTF), at its meeting in Monte Carlo, rejects a Russian resolution to expel the South African Lawn Tennis Union on account of its policy of racial discrimination. The vote was 147 to 52, with 19 abstentions.
(Chronological Review of Developments Concerning Sports and Apartheid. SAHO).

10 July 1969 - The lengthy and expensive trial of Laurence Gandar and Benjamin Pogrund, of the Rand Daily Mail, on charges under the Prisons Act ends with both being found guilty but receiving light sentences. The press wins a moral victory, but the trial discourages editors from publishing reports on prison conditions. (Kalley, J.A.; Schoeman, E. & Andor, L.E. (eds)(1999). Southern African Political History: a chronology of key political events from independence to mid-1997, Westport: Greenwood).

10 July 1972 - Dr S.J. du Toit, chief inspector of schools in the OFS, dies. (Wallis, F. (2000). Nuusdagboek: feite en fratse oor 1000 jaar, Kaapstad: Human & Rousseau).

10 July 1978 - A military coup takes place in Mauritania. http://www.andibradley.com/whatya/jul10.htm

10 July 1985 - Four British men are jailed for conspiring to smuggle military components into South Africa. (Kalley, J.A.; Schoeman, E. & Andor, L.E. (eds)(1999). Southern African Political History: a chronology of key political events from independence to mid-1997, Westport: Greenwood).

10 July 1986 - The SA Police and the Defence Force ambush and kill six alleged Umkhonto weSizwe (MK) members near Alldays. (Wallis, F. (2000). Nuusdagboek: feite en fratse oor 1000 jaar, Kaapstad: Human & Rousseau).

10 July 1987 - SA ratifies the Convention on Assistance in the case of a Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency; also ratifies Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident. http://www.sahistory.org.za/

10 July 1991 - President Bush lifts certain US trade sanctions against South Africa, making it possible for the two nations to engage in trade. (Kalley, J.A.; Schoeman, E. & Andor, L.E. (eds)(1999). Southern African Political History: a chronology of key political events from independence to mid-1997, Westport: Greenwood).
http://www.andibradley.com/whatya/jul10.htm

10 July 1992 - An international panel led by Philip Heymann, Director of the Harvard Law School Centre for Criminal Justice, proposes changes in the way South African police deal with protesters, including the universal ban on demonstrators carrying weapons, timely notice by protest organisers, and the prohibition of using lethal force to disperse a crowd. http://www.sahistory.org.za/

10 July 1993 - Kenyan runner Yobes Ondieki becomes the first man to run 10,000 metres in less than 27 minutes. http://www.andibradley.com/whatya/jul10.htm

10 July 1998 - The application of three anti-abortion groups in SA to the Pretoria Supreme Court, to declare the Freedom of Choice to Terminate Pregnancy Law unconstitutional, fails. (Wallis, F. (2000). Nuusdagboek: feite en fratse oor 1000 jaar, Kaapstad: Human & Rousseau).

10 July 1999 - The documentation of the Lusaka Cease-fire Agreement, attempting to bring peace to the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Great Lakes region in Central Africa, is signed. (Burger, D. (ed)(2002). South Africa Yearbook 2001/02, Pretoria: GCIS, p. 273).

10 July 1999 - The New Zealand rugby team beats SA 28-0 in a trination match in Dunedin. (Wallis, F. (2000). Nuusdagboek: feite en fratse oor 1000 jaar, Kaapstad: Human & Rousseau).

11 July - World Population Day. http://www.nyc.gov.za/calendar/calendar_of_events.htm

11 July 1814 - Samuel Silverthorne Bailey, surgeon and hospital pioneer in SA, marries Hester Aletta van Reenen, daughter of J.G. (Jan) van Reenen. (Wallis, F. (2000). Nuusdagboek: feite en fratse oor 1000 jaar, Kaapstad: Human & Rousseau).

11 July 1849 - Nicholas Edward Brown, SA botanist, is born in Surrey, England. (Wallis, F. (2000). Nuusdagboek: feite en fratse oor 1000 jaar, Kaapstad: Human & Rousseau).

11 July 1857 - The William Bailey runs ashore at Plettenberg Bay. (Wallis, F. (2000). Nuusdagboek: feite en fratse oor 1000 jaar, Kaapstad: Human & Rousseau).

11 July 1882 - The British fleet bombards Alexandria, Egypt. (Pakenham, T. (1991). The Scramble for Africa, Johannesburg: Jonathan Ball). http://www.youregypt.com/ehistory/timeline/

11 July 1900 - Anglo-Boer War 2: The Battle of Silkaatsnek, west of Pretoria, starts with Gen. De la Rey launching a three-pronged attack on the British forces. The British, under Col. Roberts, surrenders the next morning. (Cloete: The Anglo-Boer War: a chronology; Wallis, F. (2000). Nuusdagboek: feite en fratse oor 1000 jaar, Kaapstad: Human & Rousseau).

11 July 1901 - Anglo-Boer War 2. With dawn approaching, General Broadwood surprises the Free State force, accompanied by Pres. Steyn, in Reitz. Pres. Steyn’s Griqua groom, Jan Ruiter, wakes the President, borrows a saddle and helps the president to mount and, mounting another horse, gallops away. When stopped by a British soldier, Ruiter dismounts and distracts the soldier, allowing the president to escape into darkness without hat or coat. After the battle Ruiter and the other Blacks are left behind and he rejoins his employer. (Cloete: The Anglo-Boer War: a chronology).

11 July 1901 - Anglo-Boer War 2: The complete Free State Executive Council, except the president who escaped with the help of Ruiter, 29 persons, is captured in Reitz by Gen. Broadwood and sent to Heilbron as prisoners. (Cloete: The Anglo-Boer War: a chronology).

11 July 1906 - Bambata Rebellion: Messeni (also spelt Mseni) and Ndlovu ka Timuni are captured while on their way to surrender, and the Rebellion comes to an end. http://rapidttp.com/milhist/vol081kg.html

11 July 1917 - The congress of the Helpmekaar-vereniging, founded to help pay the debt of the 1914-rebels, is held in Middelburg, Cape Province. (Wallis, F. (2000). Nuusdagboek: feite en fratse oor 1000 jaar, Kaapstad: Human & Rousseau).

11 July 1920 - Prof. Hudson William Edison Ntsangwisi, former chief minister of Gazankulu, is born at the Shiluwane mission station, Eastern Transvaal. (Wallis, F. (2000). Nuusdagboek: feite en fratse oor 1000 jaar, Kaapstad: Human & Rousseau). http://www.sahistory.org.za/

11 July 1943 - The All African Convention (AAC) of Western Province takes place. http://apdusa.org/Tabata/AAC_Chronology.htm
http://www.sahistory.org.za/

11 July 1952 - Blacks (Abolition of Passes and Co-ordination of Documents) Act No 67 commences, repealing the laws relating to the carrying of passes by Blacks. These laws differed from province to province. This new Act provides for the issuing of reference books to all Black persons in all provinces. http://www.sahistory.org.za/

11 July 1954 - Walter Sisulu attends a massive meeting of the ANC in Sophiatown, Johannesburg. http://www.sahistory.org.za/

11 July 1954 - While on his way to address a protest meeting in Johannesburg, Albert Luthuli is served with a banning order as he steps off a plane. http://www.sahistory.org.za/ Date is given as 12 July by another source.

11 July 1960 - Fatima Jakoet, regional financial manager of Eskom and director of several companies, is born. (Hayes, S. (ed)(2000). Who’s Who of Southern Africa 2001…, Graighall: Jonathan Ball.)

11 July 1960 - Only eleven days after achieving independence as the Republic of Congo, its richest province, Katanga, declares itself independent under the rule of Moïse-Kapenda Tshombe. http://africanhistory.about.com/library/thisweek/bl-tw07-1.htm
http://www.nameyourdate.co.uk/Nameyourdate/Datepages/07031960.htm http://www.encyclopedia.com/html/section/Congo-Kin_History.asp

11 July 1963 - Security police raid the ANC ‘safe-house’ at Lilliesleaf Farm in Rivonia, then just outside Johannesburg, arresting the leadership nucleus of the armed wing of the ANC, including Walter Sisulu and Ahmed Kathrada. (Muller, C.F.J. (ed)(1981). Five Hundred years: a history of South Africa; 3rd rev. ed., Pretoria: Academica.) http://www.rusty-bernstein.com/rusty-bernstein-profile.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivonia_Trial

11 July 1968 - SA ratifies a treaty with Switzerland on the avoidance of double taxation with respect to taxes on income. (Kalley, J.A.; Schoeman, E. & Andor, L.E. (eds)(1999). Southern African Political History: a chronology of key political events from independence to mid-1997, Westport: Greenwood).

11July 1970 - The United States Secretary of State reiterates America’s adherence to the policy of not supplying arms and military equipment to South Africa. (Kalley, J.A.; Schoeman, E. & Andor, L.E. (eds)(1999). Southern African Political History: a chronology of key political events from independence to mid-1997, Westport: Greenwood).

11 July 1972 - The University Christian Movement (UCM) (SA), propagating Black Power with the aid of Black Theology, and precursor of the South African Students’ Organisation (SASO), is dissolved. (Potgieter, D.J. et al. (eds)(1970). Standard Encyclopaedia of Southern Africa, Cape Town: NASOU, v. 12, p. 132).

11 July 1973 - One hundred and twelve Peace Corps workers are detained and then expelled from Uganda by President Idi Amin Dada. http://africanhistory.about.com/library/thisweek/bl-tw07-1.htm

11 July 1980 - Jabu Jeremiah (Shuffle) Pule, SA footballer who was winner of the Kick Off Magazine Soccer Player of the Season, ½ award, is born in Daveyton, Benoni. (Landheer, E. (2004). ‘Jabu Pule’, Kick Off 1994-2004, Special Edition, p. 61.)

11 July 1981 - The Danish Badminton Federation calls off a tour of South Africa by seven of Denmark’s top badminton players, scheduled to take place from 26 July to 15 August. Federation President Frede Krause says that four of the seven players had not wanted to go on the tour. (Chronological Review of Developments Concerning Sports and Apartheid. SAHO).

11 July 1987 - The Nigerian military government postpones restoration of civilian rule from October 1990 to 1992. (Bute: The Black Handbook).

11 July 1988 - The Johannesburg chief magistrate refuses permission for a concert to celebrate Nelson Mandela’s 70th birthday. (Pretoria News, 11 July, 2003. Today in history). The date is given as 14 July by another source.

11 July 1988 - Justice Minister Kobie Coetsee grants the “Sharpeville Six” an indefinite stay of execution. (Pretoria News, 11 July, 2003. Today in history). Date is given as 14 July in another source.

11 July 1992 - The home match between the Bafana Bafana, SA soccer team, and Cameroon ends in a tie, with 2 goals each. (2004). Footballer of the decade: Bafana Bafana record. Kick Off. Special ed. 1994-2004, p. 10.

11 July 1994 - SA signs agreement with the Commonwealth Development Corporation. (Kalley, J.A.; Schoeman, E. & Andor, L.E. (eds)(1999). Southern African Political History: a chronology of key political events from independence to mid-1997, Westport: Greenwood).

11 July 1999 - BBC News reports hundreds of demonstrators have protested at a game ranch in South Africa over the ill-treatment of fourteen baby elephants from Botswana being trained for sale to zoos and circuses. TV pictures showed the animals being savagely whipped on their trunks and hindquarters until they bled. Two of the trainers were subsequently arrested on cruelty charges, and a warrant has been issued for the arrest of the third. The protesters were a diverse group including motorcycle gang members, wildlife groups and housewives.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/391635.stm

12 July 1852 - Col. David Harris, nephew of Barney Barnato, partner of Cecil John Rhodes and Cape parliamentarian, is born in London. (Wallis, F. (2000). Nuusdagboek: feite en fratse oor 1000 jaar, Kaapstad: Human & Rousseau).

12 July 1890 - Sir Henry Connor (73), Natal chief justice, dies. (Wallis, F. (2000). Nuusdagboek: feite en fratse oor 1000 jaar, Kaapstad: Human & Rousseau).

12 July 1899 - Anglo-Boer War 2: Lord Brassey of Victoria, Australia, offers Britain volunteers for service in South Africa. (Cloete: The Anglo-Boer War: a chronology).

12 July 1900 - Anglo-Boer War 2: A court martial at Fouriesburg confirms Boer ex-Commandant S.G. Viljoen’s sentence of five years hard labour for treason. (Cloete: The Anglo-Boer War: a chronology).

12 July 1902 - Anglo-Boer War 2: Lord Kitchener receives a hero’s welcome in London on his return. (Wallis, F. (2000). Nuusdagboek: feite en fratse oor 1000 jaar, Kaapstad: Human & Rousseau).

12 July 1935 - Christopher George de Villiers Burger, SA cricket player in two tests (1957/1958), is born in Randfontein, Transvaal. (Wallis, F. (2000). Nuusdagboek: feite en fratse oor 1000 jaar, Kaapstad: Human & Rousseau).

12 July 1943 - Hermann Böhl (66), electro technical engineer and professor at the South African College, dies in Germany. (Wallis, F. (2000). Nuusdagboek: feite en fratse oor 1000 jaar, Kaapstad: Human & Rousseau).

12 July 1948 - India draws the United Nations’ attention to the 1946 complaint against racism in South Africa.

12 July 1954 - The president of the ANC, ex-chief Albert Luthuli, is served with two notices by the Minister of Justice, prohibiting him from attending public gatherings and confining him to the magisterial district of Lower Tugela, Natal. (Joyce: The Rise and Fall of Apartheid). Date is given as 11 July by another source.

12 July 1957 - Prince Karim leaves Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts, to become the Aga Kahn, the religious leader of 20 million Ismaili Moslems. In later years he visited Pretoria. http://www.andibradley.com/whatya/jul12.htm
http://www.news24.com/News24/On_this_day/On_this_day/0,,2-1602-1492_1552870,00.html

12 July 1961 - Ketan (Ketso) Gordhan, City Manager of Greater Johannesburg, is born. (Hayes, S. (ed)(2000). Who’s Who of Southern Africa 2001 …, Graighall: Jonathan Ball.)

12 July 1963 - Hungary announces the breaking-off of trade relations with South Africa. (Kalley, J.A.; Schoeman, E. & Andor, L.E. (eds)(1999). Southern African Political History: a chronology of key political events from independence to mid-1997, Westport: Greenwood).

12 July 1972 - The seven-nation special committee of the Davis Cup Nations decides in Helsinki to readmit South Africa to the 1973 competition. Mr. Alf Chalmers, president of the South African Lawn Tennis Union, announced that South Africa would enter the South American Zone for 1973. (Chronological Review of Developments Concerning Sports and Apartheid. SAHO).

12 July 1975 - Manuel Pinto da Costa becomes the first president of the newly independent Democratic Republic of Sâo Tomé and Príncipe, two islands in the Gulf of Guinea, straddling the Equator, west of Gabon.
http://africanhistory.about.com/library/thisweek/bl-tw07-1.htm
http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/tp.html

12 July 1978 - Dr Ludwig Wybren (Louis) Hiemstra (81), language advisor of the Standard Encyclopaedia of Southern Africa and co-author of the Bilingual Dictionary, dies. (Wallis, F. (2000). Nuusdagboek: feite en fratse oor 1000 jaar, Kaapstad: Human & Rousseau). http://www.afrikaans.com/av722.html

12 July 1979 - The three-day-long half-century celebrations of the Federasie van Afrikaanse Kultuurvereniginge (FAK) in Bloemfontein ends. (Wallis, F. (2000). Nuusdagboek: feite en fratse oor 1000 jaar, Kaapstad: Human & Rousseau).

12 July 1980 - The Springbok rugby team loses the last test match against the Lions in Pretoria 13-17, but wins the series 3-1. (Wallis, F. (2000). Nuusdagboek: feite en fratse oor 1000 jaar, Kaapstad: Human & Rousseau).
http://www.andibradley.com/whatya/jul12.htm

12 July 1980 - Mr. Davie Craven, President of the South African Rugby Board, announces in Pretoria, after a meeting with the President of the French Rugby Federation, that the French Tricolors will arrive in South Africa late in October for a four-month tour. He said that the Springbok rugby team would tour South America at the end of the current season for a number of matches, including a probable two tests against Argentina. (This will be in October, before the Tricolors tour). (Chronological Review of Developments Concerning Sports and Apartheid. SAHO).

12 July 1980 - ACCESS launches a campaign to ban South African golfers from competing in Eisenhower Tournament at Pinehurst, North Carolina, 3-6 October. (South Africa was excluded last year when Fiji was the venue). (Chronological Review of Developments Concerning Sports and Apartheid. SAHO).

12 July 1984 - A car bomb explodes in Durban, killing five and injuring twenty-seven people. (Wallis, F. (2000). Nuusdagboek: feite en fratse oor 1000 jaar, Kaapstad: Human & Rousseau; Kalley, J.A.; Schoeman, E. & Andor, L.E. (eds)(1999). Southern African Political History: a chronology of key political events from independence to mid-1997, Westport: Greenwood).

12 July 1987 - Dr Frederik van Zyl Slabbert, who headed a delegation of fifty-two mainly Afrikaans-speaking South Africans to Dakar, expresses his satisfaction with the outcome of their discussions with the banned ANC. The ANC says it has “reaffirmed our belief that Afrikaners and Africans can resolve the conflict”. (Wallis, F. (2000). Nuusdagboek: feite en fratse oor 1000 jaar, Kaapstad: Human & Rousseau). http://www.news24.com/News24/On_this_day/On_this_day/0,,2-1602-1492_1552870,00.html

12 July 1988 - The Star reports that two men, Elliot Nkuma and Joseph Mahlalela were sentenced to death for the ‘necklace’ murder of M. Mpapne in 1986. They successfully applied for leave to appeal. (South African Institute of Race Relations. (1989). Race Relations Survey 1988/89, Johannesburg: South African Institute of Race Relations, p. 577).

12 July 1989 - The prison authorities releases a statement by Nelson Mandela subsequent to his meeting with President Botha on 5 July, stating his support for peaceful development in South Africa, but adding that dialogue with the anti-apartheid movement in particular, the ANC, was the only way to achieve peace. (Kalley, J.A.; Schoeman, E. & Andor, L.E. (eds)(1999). Southern African Political History: a chronology of key political events from independence to mid-1997, Westport: Greenwood).

12 July 1991 - Switzerland announces lifting of a directive, in force since 1974, which limited export of capital to SA.
http://www.sahistory.org.za/

12 July 1991 - The ANC calls for the release of more than 900 political prisoners it says are still being held in South Africa and Bophuthatswana. The detentions are an obstacle to negotiations, it says.
http://www.news24.com/News24/On_this_day/On_this_day/0,,2-1602-1492_1552870,00.html

12 July 1991 - Aubrey Sibiloane, MK, is shot dead on entering the yard of his home in Katlehong. (Coleman, M. (ed)(1998). A Crime Against Humanity: analysing the repression of the apartheid state, Johannesburg: Human Rights Committee, p. 253.)

12 July 1993 - Zulu-speaking gunmen, firing randomly from a vehicle, kill fourteen residents. (Coleman, M. (ed)(1998). A Crime Against Humanity: analysing the repression of the apartheid state, Johannesburg: Human Rights Committee, p. 265.)

12 July 1998 - Pres. Nelson Mandela concludes his four-day visit to England, accompanying Queen Elizabeth II on a coach drive through the streets of London. (Wallis, F. (2000). Nuusdagboek: feite en fratse oor 1000 jaar, Kaapstad: Human & Rousseau).

12 July 1998 - Marais Steyn (83), former leading figure in the United Party and later National Party, dies in Stellenbosch. (Wallis, F. (2000). Nuusdagboek: feite en fratse oor 1000 jaar, Kaapstad: Human & Rousseau).

12 July 1999 - Old Mutual is listed as a public company on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE) and the London Stock Exchange. (Burger, D. (ed)(2002). South Africa Yearbook 2001/02, Pretoria: GCIS, p. 253).

12 July 1999 - The fifty-two-member Organisation of African Unity begins a conference in Algeria to address African problems ranging from a $220 billion debt to civil conflicts. http://www.news24.com/News24/On_this_day/On_this_day/0,,2-1602-1492_1552870,00.html

12 July 2004 - Thirty-seven African immigrants, rescued three weeks earlier at sea by a German ship, disembark in Sicily, Italy. (BBC, (2004). ‘Key Dates’, Focus on Africa, October to December, v. 15 no. 4, p. 6).

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