Shot of the Palace of Justice during a lunch recess, seen from the supporters’ point of view. Rivonia Trial. © PTA News Library

Often referred to as "the trial that changed South Africa,” in October 1963, ten leading opponents of apartheid went on trial for their lives on charges of sabotage. In arguably the most profound moment in the Nelson Mandela made a speech in the dock in which he condemned the very court he was appearing in as illegitimate. He then proceeded to argue that the laws in place were equally draconian and that defiance of these laws was justified.

The Rivonia Trial and the arrest of the MK high Command highlight a conundrum faced by those in the liberation struggle: the way that justice was often at odds with legality. Liberation movements, while rejecting the legitimacy of the racial minority state, were forced to deal with the legal system – when activists were apprehended they simply could not disregard it.

In the Rivonia Trial, the ‘accused’ addressed this problem by using the courts as a site of struggle. They argued that the law was drawn up without the consent of the majority; it was enforced to ensure the perpetuation of an unjust system, and therefore the struggle would be waged to establish a new system, including a legal system that would embody the values of a non-racial constitution that protected human rights.

References

• Hermann Giliomee and Bernard Mbenga (2007). New History of South Africa. Tafelberg Publishers, Cape Town.
• Bulpin, T.V. (1985). Reader’s Digest Illustrated Guide to Southern Africa. Cape Town: Reader’s Digest Association South Africa, pg 412.
• Thomas Karis and Gail M. Gerhart (1977). From Protest to Challenge. A Documentary History of South African Politics in South Africa, 1882-1964. Volume 3, Challenge and Violence, 1953-1964. Hoover Institution Press pp. 673-684.
• Joel Joffe (2007). The State vs. Nelson Mandela: The Trial That Changed South Africa. One World Books.
• Bob Hepple (2009). Rivonia: the story of accused no.11. Unpublished manuscript.
• Various original documents and archival resources from the South African National Archive.
• Various original documents and archival resources from the Nelson Mandela Foundation.
• Interviews on the Rivonia Trial:
  - George Bizos
  - Andrew Mahlangeni
  - Ahmed Kathrada
  All of these interviews were conducted by Pambili Productions between 2009-2011.

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