Contents

1. Early civilisations

1.1 Early African civilisations: Egypt/Nubia, Mesopotamia, Indus River valley, China, the Americas

1.2 Why did these civilisations occurr where they did?

1.3 Key characteristics of these societies

2. Pre 1600 Southern African societies

2.1 Hunter-gatherer societies

2.2 Herders

2.3 African farmers

3. Provincial histories

3.1 Heritage and identity

3.2 Oral tradition and indigenous knowledge of the significance of place names, rivers, mountains and other landmarks, including indigenous environmental practices

3.3 Provincial government and symbols

3.4 Role of democratically-elected leaders

3.5 How to participate in a democracy

Contents

1. The organisation of African societies

1.1 Kingdoms of southern Africa: Mapungubwe, Thulamela, Great Zimbabwe ()

1.2 Cattle, gold, ivory and iron

2. Exploration and exploitation from the fourteenth century onwards

2.1 Early mapping: representations of Africa

2.2 Science and technology: investigating contributions from different parts of the world

2.3 Examples of exploration from Europe, Asia, the Americas, and Africa, and its impact on indigenous people

3. The history of medicine

3.1 Important medical discoveries

3.2 Indigenous medicine and traditional healing

4. Democracy in South Africa

4.1 What is democracy?

4.2 How is South Africa governed?

4.3 National symbols such as the Coat of Arms and the National Anthem

4.4 The Children’s Charter

4.5 The Earth Charter

Contents

1. Human evolution

1.1 Early hominid discoveries in South Africa and East Africa

1.2 Becoming human in southern Africa

1.3 Rock art as an expression of hunter-gatherer society and world-view

2. Early trading systems

2.1 Indian Ocean and East Africa: Arab trade, Swahili coastal communities, and links with Great Zimbabwe - ninth to sixteenth centuries

2.2 West Africa and trans-Saharan trade: salt, gold, slaves and ancient trade routes, centres of learning, historical reporting - ninth to sixteenth centuries

2.3 European trading systems in the Middle Ages - fourteenth to sixteenth centuries

2.4 Dutch settlement, the Indian Ocean slave trade and slavery at the Cape - seventeenth and eighteenth centuries

2.5 Africa and the Atlantic slave trade - sixteenth to nineteenth centuries

3. Moving frontiers

3.1 Contact, conflict and dispossession on the Cape eastern or northern frontiers in the nineteenth century

3.2 Contact, conflict and dispossession: frontiers in America in the nineteenth century

3.3 Systems of democracy: the American Revolution

Contents

1. Changing worlds: the French Revolution.

1.1 The French Revolution

2. Changing worlds: industrialisation

2.1 Industrial Revolution in Britain: changing technology, agriculture and trade, exploitation and the new world of work, trade unionism, the growth of urban areas, social problems and political rights

2.2 Industrialisation in South Africa: diamonds and gold, and changing work and lives in South Africa on the mines, the land and in the cities (including the 1913 Land Act)

2.3 Sugar and labour in Natal (under construction)

2.4 Early trade union movements

3. Resisting British control

3.1 Zulu and the British

3.2 Pedi and the British

3.3 Colonialism in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries

3.4 The Industrial Revolution and colonial expansion

3.5 British, Belgian or Portuguese colonies experiences and responses to colonialism

3.6 Colonialism and the exploitation of resources

4. Changing ideas and technologies – World War I

4.1 How industrialisation, growing nationalism in Europe, and conflict over colonies contributed to the outbreak of World War I and to trench warfare

4.2 Women in World War I

4.3 The impact of World War I on South Africa

Contents

1. Human rights issues during and after World War II

1.1 How did the Nazis construct an Aryan identity?

1.2 How did the Nazis use this ‘identity’ to define and exclude others?

1.3 How and why did the Holocaust happen?

1.4 What choices did people have in Nazi Germany?

2. The end of World War II and the struggle for human rights

1. United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights

2. United States civil rights movement

2.3 Human rights and anti-colonial struggles in Africa

3. Apartheid in South Africa

3.1 The impact of World War II

3.2 What was apartheid

3.3 How did it affect people’s lives?

3.4 Repression and resistance to apartheid in the 1950s

3.5 Repression and the armed struggle in the 1960s

3.6 Divide and rule: the role of the homelands

3.7 Repression and the growth of mass democratic movements in the 1970s and 1980s: external and internal pressure

3.8 Building a new identity in South Africa in the 1990s: pre-1994 negotiations, the first democratic elections and South Africa’s Constitution

4. The Nuclear Age and the Cold War

4.1 Hiroshima and Nagasaki: the changing nature of war

4.2 Ideologies: capitalism and communism

4.3 United States vs. the Soviet Union as superpowers: the arms race, conflict over territory, the space race

4.4 The collapse of apartheid

5. Issues of our time

5.1 Dealing with crimes against humanity: apartheid and the Truth and Reconciliation Commission compared to the Holocaust and the Nuremberg Trials

5.2 Xenophobia and genocide

5.3 The effects of globalisation on Africa

6. A new vision for Africa

6.1 Africa’s economic recovery

Contents

1. What was the world like in the mid-fifteenth century?

1.1 The world in the mid-fifteenth century

1.2 The impact of Colonialism

2. Slavery

2.1 The Slave Trade

2.2 The Quest for Liberty:

2.2.1 The French Revolution

2.2.2 The American War of Independence

3. Industrial Revolution

3.1 The Industrial Revolution

3.2 Changes in the world between 1450 and 1850?

3.3 The transformations that occurred in Southern Africa between 1750 and 1850

4. Heritage

4.1 Constructed Heritage

Contents

1. What was the world like by 1850?

1.1 African state formations

1.2 The Americas

1.3 Europe

1.4 Asia

2. Imperialism

2.1 What was the nature of imperialism in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?

2.2 What were the consequences of imperialism for Africa and Asia in terms of power relations and trade?

2.3 What was the link between imperialism and World War 1?

2.4 How did imperialism and colonialism entrench ideas of race – segregation, assimilation, paternalism?

2.5 How did imperialism dominate indigenous knowledge production?

3. What were the range of responses to colonialism in Africa and Asia

3.1 Resistance: armed, passive, diplomacy and other movements

3.2 Challenges to capitalism

3.3 Crisis of capitalism

3.3.1 Crisis of capitalism: Socialist revolutions

3.3.2 Crisis of capitalism: Fascism and Nazism

3.4 The impact of pseudo-scientific racism and Social Darwinism on the nineteenth and twentieth centuries

4. Competing nationalisms and identities in Africa

4.1 The roots of Pan-Africanism to 1945

4.2 The roots and nature of South African nationalisms and identities

4.3 The impact of World War 2: How did the nature of the political quest for independence in Africa change from 1945

5. How does nationalism impact on the construction of heritage and identities?

5.1 How unique was apartheid South Africa?

5.2 How was segregation a foundation for apartheid?

5.3 To what extent was apartheid in South Africa part of neo-colonialism in the post World War 2 world (1948-1960)?

5.4 How did apartheid entrench ideas of race?

5.5 What was the nature of resistance to apartheid during these decades, and how was this resistance part of wider resistance in the world to human rights abuses?

5.6 How did the world change between 1850 and 1950?

5.7 How has the South African past been publicly represented (e.g. in museums and monuments)?

Contents

1. What was the impact of the Cold War in forming the world as it was in the 1960s?

1.1 USSR/USA – creating spheres of interest

1.2 What was the role of China?

1.3 Areas and forms of conflict: Vietnam, Cuba, Angola, Middle East.

1.4 What role did the United Nations (UN) and other multi-lateral organisations such as the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) and the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) play in attempting to mediate conflict?

2. How was uhuru realised in Africa in the 1960s and 1970s?

2.1 An introduction to this section of the curriculum 2.2 What were the ideas that influenced the independent states?

2.3 What types of states were set up?

2.4 What were the possibilities and constraints?

2.5 What was the impact of internal and external factors on Africa during this time?

3. What forms of civil society protest emerged from the 1960s up to 1990?

3.1 1960s: civil rights, disarmament, student movements, peace movements, Black Power movement, women’s movements;

3.2 1970s: Black Consciousness Movement in South Africa;

3.3 Apartheid South Africa and Eastern Europe in the 1980s.

4. What was the impact of the collapse of the USSR in 1989?

4.1 on South Africa

4.2 on Africa: reflection and re-imagining the nation in the 1990s – a case study from Central,  West or North Africa

4.3 On the dominance of the USA

5. How did South Africa emerge as a democracy from the crises of the 1990s?

5.1 The crisis of apartheid in the 1980s

5.2 The collapse of apartheid in South Africa – coming together of internal and external pressures;

5.3 How the crises were managed – conflict, compromise, negotiation, settlement,  elections

5.4 The Government of National Unity and the making of the new Constitution;

5.5 Dealing with the past and facing the future;

5.6 New identities and the construction of heritage.