| 1950 - 1960 |
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| 1950 |
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Florence Matomela leads an anti-pass demonstration resulting in the burning of passes in Port Elizabeth.
Nelson Mandela succeeds Peter Mda as the new president of African National Congress Youth League (ANCYL).
Walter Sisulu's book ‘ South Africa Behind Bars' is handed out among the representatives of the different countries during the session of the United Nation Organisations (UNO). |
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| 1950 |
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Sonia Bunting joins the Guardian Newspaper after the banning of the Communist Party of South Africa. |
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| 1950 |
January |
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A crowd of Blacks in Newclare, Johannesburg attack a Black policeman attempting to arrest an African civilian allegedly in position of liquor. |
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| 1950 |
6 January - 8 January |
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| 1950 |
March |
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Dr A.B. Xuma resigns from the African National Congress (ANC) national Executive Committee (NEC) after his differences with the ANC Youth League. |
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| 1950 |
26 March |
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The Defend Free Speech Convention in Johannesburg proclaims May 1st as Freedom Day and calls on all organisations to go into demonstrations |
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| 1950 |
May |
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Dr Yusuf Dadoo calls for a broad anti-nationalist front to oppose anti-apartheid laws such as the Group Areas Act.
Sam Kahn and Dr Yusuf Dadoo have restrictions placed on them in terms of the Riotous Assemblies Act. They are prevented from speaking in eight major centres. |
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| 1950 |
1 May |
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A general strike against all discriminatory laws and for full franchise rights for all is held. Police opens fire in the Alexandra Township and other areas on the Reef, killing 18 and wounding 30 people. |
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| 1950 |
5 May - 6 May |
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An emergency meeting of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of South Africa (CPSA) is held to discuss the impending Unlawful Organisations Bill. |
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| 1950 |
12 May |
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The Immorality Amendment Act No 21 of 1950 is passed. |
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| 1950 |
14 May |
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The African National Congress (ANC) Working Committee summons an emergency conference. The Conference is attended by the representatives from the following organisations: South African Indian Congress (SAIC), A.P.O, ANC Youth League, Council of Non-European Trade Unions and the Communist Party of South Africa. After a lengthy discussion on the Unlawful Organisations Bill and the Group Areas Bill the Conference manage to adopt a resolution accepted by all represented organisations. |
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| 1950 |
21 May |
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The African National Congress (ANC) National Executive Committee (NEC) meets at Thaba ‘Nchu and decides to call a national one-day stay at home protest on 26 June. |
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| 1950 |
11 June |
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The African National Congress (ANC) and the South African Indian Congress (SAIC) decide to proclaim a "National Day of Mourning", on 26 June, with a countrywide stay-at-home strike. They favour a stay-at-home strike and prayer because of the shootings on 1 May. |
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| 1950 |
18 June |
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Walter Sisulu addresses a meeting at New Brighton, Port Elizabeth and tells the Blacks about the decision that everyone should stay away from their work on 26 June 1950 as a sign of protest against the "Notorious Bill of the Malan Government" Unlawful Organisations Bill. |
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| 1950 |
20 June |
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The Communist Party of South Africa declares that it dissolves itself a few days before the government passed the Suppression of Communism Act, No. 44 of 1950. |
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| 1950 |
26 June |
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The Suppression of Communism Act, No. 44 of 1950, according to which, the South African Communist Party declared illegal is approved in parliament. It came into force on 17 July 1950.
A Day of National Protest and Mourning is held countrywide. June 26 is observed as South African Freedom Day, until 1994, when the date of the first democratic elections, 27 April, became an official public holiday known as Freedom Day.
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| 1950 |
7 July |
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The Group Areas Act, Act No 41 of 1950, is passed |
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| 1950 |
7 July |
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The Population Registration Act, Act No 30 of 1950, is passed. |
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| 1950 |
17 July |
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The Suppression of Communism Act, No. 44 of 1950, passed on 26 June comes into force. |
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| 1950 |
20 August |
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Walter Sisulu officiates at a meeting held in Lady Selborne, a non-white township in Pretoria. |
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| 1950 |
30 September - 2 October |
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Walter Sisulu speaks at the congress of the Transvaal branch of the African National Congress (ANC), held at Springs. |
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| 1950 |
12 November |
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J.B Marks is elected Transvaal President of African National Congress (ANC). A conservative “National Minded Bloc” under the leadership of R.V Selope Thema breaks away in a protest against his election. Thema did not trust neither Dr J Moroka nor the Communists |
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| 1950 |
2 December |
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The General Assembly of the United Nations declares, "a policy of 'racial segregation' (apartheid) is necessarily based on doctrines of racial discrimination". [Resolution 395(V)] |
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| 1950 |
6 December |
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Walter Sisulu acts as one of the speakers at a meeting of the South African Peace Movement in the Ambagsaal, Johannesburg. The other speakers are Dr Y. M. Dadoo and Michael Harmel |
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| 1951 |
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Sonia Bunting attends the World Youth Congress in Berlin as part of a delegation led by Ahmed Kathrada
Cissie Gool appears before the Cape Town magistrate for holding a public meeting. She also becomes active in the Franchise Action Council, the forerunner of the South African Coloured Peoples Organisation.
The Bantu/Native Building Workers Act, Act No 27 of 1951 is passed.
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| 1951 |
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The President of African People Organisation (APO), S.M Rahim resigns in disgust and join the Franchise Action Council (FRAC). He declares the APO a moribund organisation |
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| 1951 |
February |
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The Franchise Action Council is formed in Cape Town |
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| 1951 |
1 March |
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Dr. F Malan announces the Separate Representation of Voters Bill to remove Coloureds from the common voters roll in Cape. |
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| 1951 |
May |
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| 1951 |
7 May |
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The Franchise Action Council launch one-day work and school stay away in Cape Town to protest against the Separate Representation of Voters Bill. |
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| 1951 |
30 May |
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| 1951 |
June |
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Pixley Seme, a founder member and treasure-general of the African National Congress (ANC) in 1912, dies
The Separate Representation of Voters Bill is enacted
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| 1951 |
15 June - 17 June |
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The African National Congress (ANC) National Executive Committee (NEC) meets to deliberate further on what actions to take in expressing their discontent against the National Party Government. The ANC also invites the South Africa Indian Congress (SAIC) and the Franchise Action Council to discuss a joint campaign of civil disobedience and general strikes against the government. |
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| 1951 |
18 June |
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The Suppression of Communism Act No 50 is passed |
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| 1951 |
6 July |
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The Prevention of Illegal Squatting Act, Act No 52 of 1951 is passed. |
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| 1951 |
17 July |
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The Bantu Authorities Act No 68 of 1951 is passed. |
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| 1951 |
24 July |
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Oliver Tambo completes his articles, passes his exams and qualifies as an attorney. |
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| 1951 |
28 July - 29 July |
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The African National Congress (ANC) calls a meeting in Johannesburg in which the South African Indian Congress (SAIC), the African People Organisation (APO) and the Franchise Action Committee executives are invited to chart way forward for the Defiance Campaign. However APO rejects the ANC invitation and never attends the meeting. FRAC is invited as an observer since it was not a national organisation. An ultimatum has to be addressed to the Government to repeal all discriminating Legislation before or on 29 February 1952, and if this does not take place a mass contravention of such legislation will be launched in all sections of the country |
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| 1951 |
29 July |
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The Joint Planning Council consist of (Walter Sisulu, Dr Y Dadoo, J.B. Marks and Y Cachalia) is formed. |
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| 1951 |
8 November |
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The Join Planning Council completes its work and makes its report available to the executive committees of the African National Congress (ANC) and the South African Indian Congress (SAIC). |
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| 1951 |
23 November |
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M.B.Yengwa and other members of the ANC Youth League in Natal nominate Albert Luthuli for the President of the African National Congress in Natal and Luthuli is subsequently elected to this position. In his address to the Annual Conference of the ANC in Natal, Luthuli calls for unity among Africans and redefines the challenges that face them in the light of new pieces of apartheid legislation being introduced by the Malan Government |
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| 1951 |
December |
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Walter Sisulu, Dr. Y. Dadoo, J.B. Marks and Y.A. Cachalia (all members of the Joint Planning Council) together with R.T. Chari, former secretary of the Indian High Commissioner in the Union, visit Basutoland. They have discussions there with black headmen about the inauguration of the Protectorate by the Union of South Africa. |
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| 1951 |
December |
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Nelson Mandela is banned under the Riotous Assemblies Act. |
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| 1951 |
15 December - 17 December |
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The African National Congress (ANC) adopts the report of the Joint Planning Council at its Bloemfontein conference. |
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| 1952 |
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The Appellate Division of the Supreme Court set aside the Separate Representation Voters Bill after an appeal by some Coloureds voters on the grounds that the entrench clause in South Africa requires two-third majority of both house of parliament in a joint sitting |
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| 1952 |
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The Coloured People's Organisation (later the Coloured People's Congress) is formed under James La Guma and becomes the successor to the African People's Organisation (APO).
Walter Sisulu travels through the country to organise the Defiance Campaign and addresses numerous meetings. Among others, Sisulu visits Bloemfontein, Kimberley, Cape Town and Port Elizabeth. |
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| 1952 |
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Father Trevor Huddleston writes to Christian Action asking financial support in defending and assisting the families of the volunteers in the Defiance Campaign.
Walter Sisulu, Duma Nokwe and others leave South Africa without passports to visit various counties.
The Abolition of Passes and Co-ordination of Documents Act of No 67 of 1952 includes Black women. |
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| 1952 |
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Florence Matomela, one of the first women volunteers during the Defiance Campaign is arrested and spends six weeks in prison.
Fatima Meer is banned under the Suppression of Communism Act.
Lillian Ngoyi participates in a protest march against the banning of the Secretary-General of the Garment Workers` Union (GWU), E.S. ("Solly") Sachs.
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| 1952 |
21 January |
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A letter co-signed by Dr J.S. Moroka and Walter Sisulu is sent to the Prime Minister, Dr D.F. Malan |
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| 1952 |
25 January - 27 January |
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At its 20th annual conference in Johannesburg, the South African Indian Congress (SAIC) accepts the report of the Joint Planning Committee. Dr S.M. Molema, African National Congress, National-Treasurey delivers keynote Address. |
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| 1952 |
29 January |
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The Prime Minister responds to the letter of the African National Congress (ANC) through his private secretary, Mr A. Camp. In the letter, he lambastes the ANC for writing to him directly instead of going through the Minister of Native Affairs |
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| 1952 |
11 February |
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The African National Congress (ANC) reacts with arrogance to the Letter from the Prime Minister, Dr D.F. Malan, and tells the Prime Minister that the Department of Native Affairs is not the only channel of communication they can use to communicate with him. |
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| 1952 |
16 March |
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The Franchise Action Council calls a special conference in Cape Town to discuss what role of protest Coloured people would play on 6 April 1952 during the tercentenary celebrations of Jan van Riebeeck's arrival at the Cape. |
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| 1952 |
23 March |
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Cyprian Solomon, paramount chief of the Zulus, warns 20,000 of his people not to participate in the Defiance Campaign and said that he would himself place their grievances before the proper authorities later. |
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| 1952 |
6 April |
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During the tercentenary celebrations of Jan van Riebeeck's arrival at the Cape, the Joint Planning Council holds mass meetings and demonstrations throughout the country in preparation for the Defiance Campaign. The African National Congress and the Transvaal Indian Congress issue a flyer entitled “ April 6: People Protest Day.” |
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| 1952 |
6 April |
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Walter Sisulu is one of the speakers at a meeting which is described as a "People's Protest Day Rally" and outlines the "Plan of Action". The following people also officiate as speakers: Dr. Y.M. Dadoo, D. Ilsome, James Phillips, Moses Kotane and D. Bopape. |
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| 1952 |
21 April |
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Walter Sisulu, Dr. Y.M. Dadoo, A.M. Dadoo and Y.A. Cachalia are detained at Idutywa in the Transkei, because they entered the area without the necessary permission. |
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| 1952 |
25 May |
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Minister of Justice C.R. Swart terminates Sam Kahn and Fred Carneson's membership of Parliament and the Provincial Council respectively for being Communists. |
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| 1952 |
31 May |
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The African National Congress (ANC) executive meets in Port Elizabeth and announces that the Defiance Campaign would begin on 26 June |
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| 1952 |
1 June |
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The African National Congress (ANC) and the South African Indian Congress (SAIC) National Executive Committees holds a meeting in Port Elizabeth to discuss the details of the Defiance Campaign. |
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| 1952 |
9 June |
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Walter Sisulu speaks at a united meeting of the African National Congress and South African Indian Congress in Johannesburg. |
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| 1952 |
22 June |
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Volunteers make a pledge to participate in the Defiance Campaign. |
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| 1952 |
26 June |
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The African National Congress (ANC) officially launches the Defiance Campaign with the support from South African Indian Congress (SAIC) and the Franchise Action Council, later be called the Coloured People's Association. The campaign begins in Johannesburg and Port Elizabeth. Over 8,000 people from all racial groups court imprisonment by contravening selected discriminatory laws and regulations. |
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| 1952 |
27 June |
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The Native Laws Amendment Act of 1952 is passed. |
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| 1952 |
11 July |
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The Natives (abolition of Passes and Co-ordination of Documents) Act, Act No 67 of 1952 is passed. |
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| 1952 |
30 July |
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N. Mandela is served with a warrant for his arrest on a charge of violating the Suppression of Communism Act |
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| 1952 |
August |
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The Mandela & Tambo Law firm is established in Chancellor House, opposite the Magistrate Courts in downtown in Johannesburg. |
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| 1952 |
August |
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The South African Security Police conducts an unprecedented raid on the offices and homes of the liberation movements and their leaders. |
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| 1952 |
12 August |
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Twenty non-White leaders are arrested and charged under the Suppression of Communism Act. The accused includes Dr. J. S. Moroka, President of the African National Congress (ANC), Walter Sisulu Secretary-General of the (ANC), Dr. Y. M. Dadoo, President of South African Indian Congress (SAIC), and Nelson Mandela, President of ANC Youth League. |
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| 1952 |
30 August |
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Chief Albert Luthuli issues a statement on the launching of the Defiance Campaign in Natal. |
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| 1952 |
12 September |
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A delegation of 13 Asian and Arab States requests the General Assembly of the United Nations to consider the question of race conflict in South Africa resulting from the apartheid policies of the Government of the Union of South Africa. |
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| 1952 |
18 September |
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The Minister of Justice C.R. Swart announces in parliament that there are thirty-three trade union officials and eighty-nine other people served with notices in terms of the Suppression of Communism Act. |
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| 1952 |
22 September |
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Thousands of supporters of 20 liberation movement leaders, who are on trial facing charges under the Suppression of Communism Act, demonstrate at the Johannesburg Magistrate's Court during the preliminary trial |
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| 1952 |
October |
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The Annual Assembly of the Baptist Union of South African, appeals to the Government to meet with the liberation movements leaders to discuss constructive measures for the future and make specific recommendation in regard to housing, education, labour exchanges and the wastage of man-power. |
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| 1952 |
10 October - 12 October |
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Nelson Mandela is elected the president of the Transvaal African National Congress at its conference to replace the banned J.B Marks |
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| 1952 |
18 October |
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The riots break out at the New Brighton (Port Elizabeth) train station when a railway constable try to arrest two Blacks suspected of stealing a tin of paint. |
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| 1952 |
20 October |
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The African National Congress local leaders in New Brighton, Port Elizabeth issue a statement on violence occurred on 18 October |
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| 1952 |
27 October |
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The press reports a statement by Dr J.L.Z Njongwe, the ANC President in Western Cape, that “ If you hear one day that Ciskei has also gone into action, you will know that the victory will be achieved within five weeks”. |
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| 1952 |
3 November |
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The residents of Denver Native Hostel in Denver, who had resolved not to pay an increase in rental from eleven shillings to one pound per month, rush at a tenant who tendered the rental, shouting that he should be ‘hit' and ‘killed'. |
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| 1952 |
7 November |
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The government banned 52 Black leaders from attending meetings for six months in Eastern Cape. |
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| 1952 |
8 November |
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Police fires on demonstrators in Kimberley. Fourteen are killed and 39 wounded. |
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| 1952 |
10 November |
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A one-day general strike is held in Port Elizabeth to protest police attacks in Kimberley and East London, which results in 22 dead and 108 injured. The strike also protests against the City Council's imposition of a curfew and month-long ban on public meetings. In Johannesburg, African National Congress (ANC) leaders called on all Africans to keep calm. |
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| 1952 |
12 November |
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Chief A.J Luthuli is dismissed as traditional chief by the government after he refuses to resign as African National Congress (ANC) leader in Natal. In his response Luthuli issues a statement entitled ‘The Road to Freedom is via the Cross' |
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| 1952 |
2 December |
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The trial of twenty national leaders comes to an end when they are convicted of “statutory communism” and sentenced to nine months imprisonment with hard labour. However, the sentences are suspended for two years. |
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| 1952 |
2 December |
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Walter Sisulu is sentenced to 9 months imprisonment, conditionally suspended for three years. |
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| 1952 |
5 December |
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The United Nations General Assembly sets up a Commission on the Racial Situation in South Africa |
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| 1952 |
8 December |
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A mixed group consisting of three white men, four white women, thirteen Indian men, six Indian women, ten African men and two African women enter Germiston location in the Witwatersrand area without permits. |
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| 1952 |
8 December |
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Patrick Duncan and other Whites illegally enter African locations in support of the Defiance Campaign |
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| 1952 |
17 December |
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Walter Sisulu is served a notification, in terms of section 9 of the Suppression of Communism Act, whereby he is prohibited, for a period of six months, from attending any meeting in the Union of South Africa. |
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| 1952 |
18 December - 20 December |
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At the annual African National Congress (ANC) conference, Chief Albert Luthuli is elected to replace Dr J.S. Moroka as General-President of the ANC. |
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| 1953 |
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The Government announces the Native Labour (Settlement of Disputes) Act in an attempt to control the trade unions.
The first three tribal authorities are established in the Transvaal.
Nelson Mandela drafts the M-Plan, to organise Black people on a street/block basis. |
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| 1953 |
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The South African Coloured People's Organisation is formed.
Former Communist Party of South Africa (CPSA) members regroup and reconstitute the party under a new name South African Communist Party (SACP) at an underground conference. |
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| 1953 |
7 January |
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Joseph (Joe) Matthews writes a letter to his father Pro Z. K Matthews who was visiting professor at Union Theological Seminary in New York informing him about secret meeting between African National Congress (ANC) and South African Indian Congress (SAIC) leadership. |
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| 1953 |
4 March |
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The Public Safety Act of 1953 is passed.
The Criminal Law Amendment Act No 8 of 1953 is passed. |
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| 1953 |
April |
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The Bantu Education Act is passed |
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| 1953 |
24 April |
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Chief Albert Luthuli calls off the Defiance Campaign after the introduction of the Criminal Amendment Law Act and the Public Safety Act. |
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| 1953 |
16 May |
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The African Ministers Federation calls for the observance of an African National Day of Prayer on Sunday 31st May 1953 to give support for the Defiance Campaign. |
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| 1953 |
June |
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Nelson Mandela writes an article entitled ‘Searching on the Liberal Party'. The article is published in a new monthly periodical, Liberation, which was edited by Michael Harmel.
Nelson Mandela presides over a meeting in the Odin Cinema in Sophiatown alongside the Indian leader Yusuf Cachalia. Cachalia is later arrested on the platform by the police.
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| 1953 |
26 June |
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The first anniversary of the launch of the Defiance Campaign is observed as a day of commemoration and rededication |
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| 1953 |
15 July |
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Walter Sisulu and Duma Nokwe, a former teacher and member of the African National Congress (ANC), go overseas under false names and without passports. |
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| 1953 |
21 July |
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Walter Sisulu and Duma Nokwe arrive in London, England. From there they go to Bucharest, Romania, where they attend the communist "World Festival of Youth and Students for Peace and Friendship". After this, Sisulu and Nokwe embark on an extensive tour through the countries behind the iron curtain as guests of the Communists. Sisulu and Nokwe travel through Czechoslovakia, Poland, Russia and Communist China. |
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| 1953 |
August |
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The FRAC calls a People's Convention in Cape Town |
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| 1953 |
15 August |
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The President of the Cape African National Congress (ANC), Prof Z.K Matthews proposes the hold of the Congress of the People in his presidential address to the annual provincial conference of the organisation in Cradock |
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| 1953 |
September |
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The Coloured People's Organisation, later the Coloured People's Congress, under the presidency of James la Guma, is formed in Cape Town as successor to the African People's Organisation (APO). |
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| 1953 |
12 September |
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The South African Coloured People's Organisation (SACPO) is founded in Cape Town by Liberals and trade unionists including, Edgar Deane, Dr Richard van der Roos, S. Rahim, Regional September and John Gomas |
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| 1953 |
October |
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O.Tambo addresses a meeting of White Congress supporters convened by the African National Congress (ANC), which went on to establish the Congress of Democrats (CoD) |
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| 1953 |
9 October |
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The Reservation of Separate Amenities Act, Act No 49 of 1953 is passed. |
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| 1953 |
December |
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After an absence of five months, Walter Sisulu and Duma Nokwe return to the Union of South Africa.
The African National Congress (ANC) paid up membership is reported to be 28,900 |
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| 1953 |
13 December |
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Nelson Mandela speaks for an hour and a half at a big meeting in Soweto. His speech is recorded inaccurately by a policeman, Detective-Sergeant Helberg, and later used as evidence of treason against him. |
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| 1953 |
18 December - 20 December |
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The Annual Conference of African National Congress (ANC) adopts a proposal to call a Congress of the People of South Africa. |
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| 1953 |
30 December |
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The General Assembly of the United Nations rejects a South African draft resolution to decide, having regard to Article 2, paragraph 7 of the United Nations Charter that it had no competence to adopt the draft resolution recommended by the Ad Hoc Political Committee. The vote is 42 to 8, with 10 abstentions.Those voting in favour of the South African motion are Australia, Belgium, Colombia, France, Greece, Luxembourg, Union of South Africa and United Kingdom. Those abstaining were: Argentina, Canada, Dominican Republic, Netherlands, New Zealand, Panama, Peru, Turkey, USA and Venezuela.Resolution 721 (VIII) was adopted by 38 votes to 15, with 7 abstentions |
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| 1954 |
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The South African Coloured People Organisation (SACPO) organises bus boycott in Cape Town to protest against the introduction of segregation on buses. |
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| 1954 |
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Fietas, Johannesburg: H.F. Verwoed states in his speech in the Senate that the human reality needs to be racially defined and racially organised under the ‘supremacy of the white race.'
The formation of the Federation of South African women (FEDSAW) takes place, bringing together women from the African National Congress (ANC), the South African Indian Congress (SAIC), the Trade unions and self-help groups. |
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| 1954 |
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Florence Matomela becomes the Cape Provincial Organiser of the ANC Women's League.
Dorothy Nyembe becomes Chairperson of the Two-Stick branch Committee in Cato Manor
Potlako Leballo becomes Chairman of the Orlando East African National Congress Youth League (ANCYL). |
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| 1954 |
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Phylis Naidoo joins the Natal Indian Congress (NIC) and raises funds for detainees arrested for Treason.
Sarah Carneson is banned and can no longer hold office in any union.
Josie Palmer becomes President of the Transvaal branch of FEDSAW |
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| 1954 |
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The African National Congress (ANC) National Executive Committee (NEC) instructs its women and youth sections to work with other organisations to oppose the Bantu Education Act.
The National Action Council issues a regular newsletter, titled Speaking Together.
A number of regional and local conferences are held to collect demands to be included in the Freedom Charter
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| 1954 |
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Black teachers and students protest against Bantu Education. The African Education Movement is formed to give alternative education to Blacks. For a few years, cultural clubs operate as informal schools, but by 1960 they close down.
Oliver Tambo is banned and forbidden to address or attend gatherings. However his banning order does not require him to resign from the African National Congress (ANC). |
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| 1954 |
6 February |
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Walter Sisulu addresses an African National Congress (ANC) meeting in Durban and gives a comprehensive account of his travels through Eastern Europe, Russia and the People's Republic of China.</ |
