Contents
- The SANNC and the South Africa Act
- The 1913 Land Act and deputations to London
- Continued resistance and internal criticism
- Rejuvenation of the ANC and intensification of the struggle
- The ANC and the early development of apartheid
- A change to armed struggle and the state's intensified repression
- Armed Struggle; 1970s - 1980s :The revival of armed activity
- Armed Struggle; 1984-1990: The anti-apartheid struggle accelerates
Reference
African National Congress
Isitwalandwe/Seaparankwe Award
Isitwalandwe/Seaparankwe is the highest honour awarded by the people of South Africa, through the African National Congress, to those who have made an outstanding contribution and sacrifice to the liberation struggle.
Isitwalandwe, literally translated, means "the one who wears the plumes of the rare bird" and was traditionally bestowed only on the bravest warriors of the people, on those who distinguished themselves in the eyes of all the people for exceptional qualities of leadership and heroism.
Chief Albert Luthuli, Dr Yusuf Dadoo and Father Trevor Huddleston were the first to be proclaimed Isitwalandwe/Seaparankwe. This was at the Congress of the People in 1955. Since then many outstanding leaders have been honoured.
| Name | Year |
|---|---|
| Albert Luthuli | 1955 |
| Father Trevor Huddleston | 1955 |
| Yusuf Dadoo | 1955 |
| Moses Mauane Kotane | 1975 |
| Govan Mbeki | 1980 |
| Bishop Ambrose Reeves | 1980 |
| Lilian Ngoyi | 1982 |
| Oliver Reginald Tambo | 1992 |
| Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela | 1992 |
| Walter Sisulu | 1992 |
| Helen Joseph | 1992 |
| Ahmed Kathrada | 1992 |
| Harry Gwala | 1992 |
| Elias Motsoaledi | 1992 |
| Andrew Mlangeni | 1992 |
| Raymond Mhlaba | 1992 |
| Wilton Mkwai | 1992 |
| Joe Slovo | 1994 |
| Ray Alexander Simons | 2004 |