Archive of resources:

This page lists and links to primary and secondary resources written by or about Steve Biko and the Black Consciousness movement. Please note that SAHO has been granted permission to upload these resources but their copyright still lies with the original author or archive.

Online books:

• Black Viewpoint, edited by Steve Biko and published in 1972.
  
  'Black Viewpoint is meant to protect and further the interests of black people... we focus attention on four addresses delivered by blacks in different situations. By juxtaposing these articles in this issue we hope to reflect the broad spectrum now to be found in our society both in terms of the different stresses we lay in the definition of our problem - the white problem - and in the mooted solutions that all four speakers touch briefly on...'
• No46 - Steve Biko, by Hilda Bernstein published in London by the International Defence and Aid Fund in 1978. Steve Biko was the 46th person to die in security police detention in South Africa.This book holds detailed information about the life and times of Steve Biko. There are chapters on Biko's inquest, the funeral, black consciousness, the courts, the police ect.
• Black Student Politics, Higher Education & Apartheid: From SASO to SANSCO 1968-1990, by Saleem Badat published in 1999.
• Psychological Liberation Black Consciousness and Africanism, a chapter from the book 'The Negotiated Revolution Society and Politics in Post – Apartheid South Africa' by Adam, H. and Moodley, K. Published by Jonathan Ball Publishers, Johannesburg in 1993.

Document, Articles and Papers:

• Steve Biko: An Enduring Legacy, by Barney Pityana (2002, UNISA)
• Black Consciousness a Critical, Relevant and Liberatory Angle of Vision, by Lerato Seohatse (2005, WITS)
• Black consciousness and the quest for a true humanity, by Steve Biko, a paper later published (1990) in a book titled 'I write what I like' - a collection of Steve Biko's writings put together by Aelred Stubbs.
• Mandela's ultimate recognition of Biko (in the Sowetan, September 2004, Pg 12)
• Biko, Black Consciousness, and 'the System' eZinyoka: Oral History and Black Consciousness in Practice in a Rural Ciskei Village by Leslie Hadfielda (PDF)

'Frank Talk' journal articles:

• The church as seen by a young layman, by Steve Biko (Frank Talk 9 September 1987)
• Fear: An important determinant in South African politics, by Steve Biko (Frank Talk 9 September 1987)
• Biko Lives! (Frank Talk, 11 November 1984)

Related features:

• Definition of Africanism
• The Youth Struggle: Focussing on the Soweto Riots of 1976
• Steve Biko feature
• The Liberation Struggle: 1970s
• South African Students Organisation (SASO). Note: SASO was formed under the leadership of Steve Bantu Biko in 1968. The organisation was banned in 1977. This led to the formation of AZASO under the leadership of Tom Nkoane. AZASO became SANSCO in 1986, and later merged with NUSAS to form SASCO.
• History Classroom, Grade 12: Black Consciousness and Steve Biko

Outside links:

• The Steve Biko Foundation Website: A great archive of information.
• Biko Inquest: The TRC hearings. There are two sections on this webpage which link to the TRC hearings surrounding Biko's Death.
• Why my hostname is "biko". A memorial and tribute page to Steve Biko www.nogas.org

Further reading:

• Cooper, C. et al., Survey of Race Relations in South Africa, 1983.
• Davenport, T. R. H., South Africa: A Modern History, 2nd Edition (1977).
• Gerhart, G. M., Black Power in South Africa, 1979.
• Hellman, E. and Lever, H., (eds.), Conflict and Progress, 1979
• Horrell, M. et al. Survey of Race Relations in South Africa, 1972.
• Rand Daily Mail, 11 November, 1972.
• Lodge, T., Black Politics in South Africa since 1945, 1983.
• Biko, S. [Frank Talk], “Lets Talk About Bantustans,” SASO Newsletter, September-October 1972.
• Cawthra Gavin et al (eds.) (1994), War and Resistance, Southern African Reports: The Struggle for Southern Africa as Documented by Resister Magazine, London: The MacMillan Press Ltd.
• Gutteridge William (ed.) (1995), South Africa: From Apartheid to National Unity, 1981-1994, Aldershot: Dartmouth Publishing Company Limited.
• Johnson Shaun (ed.) (1988), South Africa: No Turning Back, London: The MacMillan Press Ltd.
• Lodge, T. (1983), Black politics in South Africa since 1945, Johannesburg: Ravan Press.
• Mokhtar, Z. (2007), “The most potent weapon in the hands of the oppressor is the mind of the oppressed,”http://zdmokhtar.blogspot.com
  
  (26 March) .
• Mufson S (1990), Fighting Years: Black Resistance and the Struggle for a New South Africa, Boston: Beacon Press.
• Ndlovu S. M. (1998), The Soweto Uprisings: Counter-Memories of June 1976, Randburg: Ravan Press.
• Seidman Ann (1990), The Roots of Crisis in Southern Africa, Trenton: Africa World Press.
• Woods D. (1978), Biko, New York: Paddington Press.
• Kane-Berman, J. (1978), Soweto: Black Revolt White Reaction, Johannesburg: Ravan Press.
• Ramphele, M. (1995), Mamaphele Ramphele: A Life, Claremont: David Phillips.
• Random, P., (ed), Survey of Race Relations in South Africa, 1982.

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