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Part of the large crowd that assembled at Fordsburg to protest, 1951

Part of the large crowd that assembled at Fordsburg to protest. The defiance campaign was born a year earlier, in Johannesburg, on July 1951, when leaders met and decided to form a Joint Planning Council to co-ordinate the liberation movements "to embark upon an immediate mass campaign for the repeal of oppressive measures".

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Photograph by Jurgen Schadeberg