| 1869 |
October 2 |
|
|
Mohandas, the youngest child of Karamchand Gandhi and Putlibai, born at Porbandar in western India. |
| |
1875
|
|
|
|
Gandhi attended a primary school at Porbandar for one year.
|
| |
| 1876 |
|
|
|
Gandhi: Betrothed to Kasturbai.
Gandhi: Joined the Branch School at Rajkot for two years. Read the play Sravana Pitrihhakti while in primary school: witnessed another play Harishchandra, also; thought, "why should not all be truthful like Harishchandra?"
|
|
| 1879 |
January 21 |
|
|
Gandhi joined the City Taluka School, Rajkot.
Studied Gujarati standards III and IV till October 2, 1880.
|
|
| 1880 |
November 18 |
|
|
Gandhi appeared in the entrance examination of the Kathiawar High School, Rajkot.
|
|
| 1880 |
December 1 |
|
|
Gandhi enrolled in the General Register of the Kathiawar High School, Rajkot; admitted to Anglovernacular Standard I.
During the visit of Mr. Giles, Educational Inspector, ignored teacher's prompting to copy from a neighbour's slate.
Passed seven years in this school which was later known as Alfred High School.
|
|
| 1883 |
|
|
|
Gandhi married Kasturbai at the age of 13.
Gandhi: Influenced by friends, started taking meat secretly, as it was forbidden in his family who were Vaishnavas. Soon after, he abjured meat out of his desire not to lie to his parents.
|
|
| 1885 |
|
|
|
Gandhi stole coppers from his servant's pocket money for smoking, but gave up the practice. Stole a little gold from his brother's armlet to clear a debt, but felt ashamed and confessed to his father who pardoned him. From that day, Gandhi noted, "truth-telling became a passion with me". |
|
| 1886 |
|
|
|
In his sick-bed, 63-year-old Karamchand Gandhi had discussions with Parsi and Muslim friends about their faiths.
Mohandas, while nursing his father, listened to these discussions and developed toleration for all faiths. Karamchand Gandhi's condition became grave and he began to sink fast. Late one night, shortly after Mohandas had left him, he passed away.
|
|
| 1887 |
|
|
|
Gandhi: Passes matric and enrolls at Samaldas College at Bhavnagar |
|
| 1888 |
January 1 |
|
|
Gandhi: Left High School. Joined Shamaldas College, Bhavnagar. Found studies difficult and, at the end of fist term, returned home. Family friends suggested law studies in England. Mother did not like the idea of separation. Becharji Swami, who became a Jain monk, came to his help and got him to take three solemn vows. Mohandas vowed not to touch wine, woman and meat. This done, his mother gave her permission.
Eldest son, Harilal, born. Mohandas started with his brother for Bombay, leaving his wife and child. Orthodox class disapproved his going abroad but he refused to listen.
|
|
| 1888 |
September 4 |
|
|
With help and permission of brother, Mohandas sailed from Bombay by S. S. Clyde. |
|
| 1888 |
October 27 |
|
|
Gandhi: Reached Southampton. |
|
| 1888 |
October 28 |
|
|
Gandhi: Reached London. |
|
| 1888 |
November 6 |
|
|
Gandhi: Admitted to the Inner Temple.
Gandhi: Arranged to stay as a lodger in an Anglo-Indian family
in Western Kensington.
|
|
| 1888 |
November 9 |
|
|
Gandhi: Wrote letter to brother: "...In spite of cold I have no need of meat or liquor which fills my heart with joy and thankfulness." Food given to him did not suit him but he put up with all this. Started reading newspapers and began to take keen interest in current events.
Gandhi: Found a vegetarian restaurant in Farringdon Street and had a hearty meal. Read Salt's hook on vegetarianism and was very much impressed.
|
|
| 1889 |
|
|
|
Gandhi: Kept account of every farthing spent. Decided to reduce cost of living by half. Lived by himself instead of with a family. Walked eight to ten miles a day to save fare. Read books on simple living and began cooking breakfast. Lived on 1s. 3d. a day. |
|
1890
|
January 13-18 |
|
|
Gandhi: Took examination for Matriculation. |
|
| 1890 |
January 23-30 |
|
|
Gandhi: Attended Vegetarian Congress at Ventor.
|
|
| 1890 |
February 19 |
|
|
Result of Matriculation examination published. He got plucked in Latin.
|
|
| 1890 |
June |
|
|
Gandhi: Passed the London Matriculation examination in his second attempt. Later in the year, he met two theosophists with whom he read Arnold's The Song Celestial. Invited to read the original Gita with them. He had never read the Gita before and it impressed him immensely. Later, it became the book of his daily reading.
Gandhi: Attended lectures by Dadabhai Naoroji, but spoke to him only once.
|
|
| 1890 |
September 19 |
|
|
Gandhi: Selected to Executive Committee of London Vegetarian Society.
|
|
| 1890 |
October |
|
|
Gandhi: Attended meetings of Vegetarian Society but took no part in proceedings.
Gandhi: Started taking eggs on Dr. Oldfield's advice but soon gave it up, remembering his vow to his mother.
|
|
| 1890 |
November |
|
|
Gandhi: Studied the Bible: the New Testament impressed him. Also read some books on atheism. Attended the funeral of Bradlaugh in the workers' cemetery. But his prejudice against atheism remained. Was introduced to Madame Blavatsky and Mrs. Besant. Read Mme. Blavatsky's Secret Doctrine. |
|
| 1890 |
December 15-20 |
|
|
Gandhi: Sat for final Bar examination.
|
|
| 1891 |
January |
|
|
Gandhi's mother died. News withheld from him. |
|
| 1891 |
January 12 |
|
|
Gandhi: Passed the examination with ease, but as he had not yet completed his twelve terms he could not be called to the Bar and had to stay on in England till the middle of June.
|
|
| 1891 |
February 20 |
|
|
Gandhi: Gave his first speech in a Vegetarian Society meeting. |
|
| 1891 |
February-May |
|
|
Gandhi: Wrote a series of ten articles on vegetarianism. The first six on "Indian Vegetarians" appeared in the Vegetarian between February 2 and March 14. The next three on "Some Indian Festivals" between March 28 and April 25. The last one, "The Foods of India", in The Vegetarian Messenger on May 6. |
|
| 1891 |
March 26 |
|
|
Gandhi: Became an associate member of London Theosophical Society. Enrolled as an associate member of the Blavatsky Lodge for six months. |
|
| 1891 |
June 10 |
|
|
Gandhi: Called to the Bar. |
|
| 1891 |
June 11 |
|
|
Gandhi: Enrolled in the High Court. |
|
| 1891 |
June 12 |
|
|
Gandhi: Sailed for home by S.S. Oceania. |
|
| 1891 |
July 5-6 |
|
|
Gandhi: Reached Bombay by S.S. Assam in which all the passengers of S.S. Oceania had boarded at Aden. Landed at the jetty in pelting rain. The news of the death of his mother shocked him. |
|
| 1891 |
July 6 |
|
|
Mohandas is introduced to Raychandbhai whom he regards as one who influence him most profoundly. |
| 1891 |
November 16 |
|
|
Gandhi: Applied for enrolment in the Bombay High Court. |
|
| 1892 |
|
|
|
Gandhi: Practices briefly in Bombay and Rajkot |
|
| 1892 |
May 24 |
|
|
Permission to start practice as Barrister was announced in Gazette. Came to Bombay to start practice in High Court. The first ease he took up was of one Manibhai in the Small Causes Court for which he charged Rs. 30 as his fees. He was to cross-examine the plaintiff's witnesses but failed to conduct the case, asked his client to engage another lawyer and hastened out from the court. In fact he did not go to court again until he went to South Africa.
After six months, Gandhi closed his establishment in Bombay and returned to Rajkot, where he was able, by drafting memorials and petitions, to earn about Rs. 300 a month. His brother Lakshmidas asked Mohandas to see the Political Agent, E.C.K. (afterwards Sir Charles) Ollivant, to refute a charge of intrigue against Lakshmidas. Mohandas found the official arrogant and was pushed out of the room.
|
|
| 1892 |
December |
|
|
Gandhi: Appointed companion tutor of the minor Rana Bhavsinghji of Porbandar. |
|
| 1893 |
April |
|
|
Gandhi: Sails for Durban at invitation of Dada Abdullali and Co. to assist in legal trial |
|
| 1893 |
May |
|
|
Gandhi: Reaches Port Natal (Durban)
Gandhi: Attends Durban Court.
Gandhi: Responds to article in Natal Advertiser (His first writing in South Africa)
|
|
| 1893 |
June |
|
|
Gandhi: Observed that Indians were held in scant respect there. Visited the Durban Court, dressed in frock-coat and turban. The Magistrate, espying a queerly dressed stranger, ordered him to remove his headdress. He refused to do so and walked out of the court. Wrote to the Press about the incident, defending the wearing of a turban. The Press described him as an "unwelcome visitor". This incident gave him wide publicity. The turban stayed with him practically until the end of his stay in South Africa.
Abdulla Sheth, his host and employer, was unlettered but was proud of Islam. Gandhi said, "Contact with him gave me a fair amount of practical knowledge of Islam". A week after his arrival in Durban, he started for Pretoria to explain Abdulla Sheth's case to their lawyer. At Pietermaritzburg station,
he was ordered to go into the van compartment of the train although he held a first class ticket. On his refusal, a constable was brought and the Indian stranger was forcibly ejected, his bundles pitched out after him, and, with the train gone, he was left to shiver in the waiting room all night. When at length he reached the Transvaal, and began his coach journey at Paardeberg seated on the box, the guard, a big Dutchman, wishing to smoke, laid claim to his place, telling him to sit down at his feet. On being refused, he gave a brutal blow on Gandhi's face. But at Standerton the coach was changed and the rest of the journey was accomplished without incident. Next day he reached Johannesburg at night. He drove to the Grand National Hotel but was refused accommodation. On reaching Pretoria he met a Negro friend who took him to Johnston's Family Hotel where he was accommodated. Later, a baker's wife agreed to have him as a boarder. Gandhi: Leaves for Johannesburg and is thrown out of train en route Gandhi: Arrives in Johannesburg Gandhi: Arrives in Pretoria
|
|
| 1893-1894 |
|
|
|
During his stay in Pretoria, Gandhi read about 80 books on religion. He came under the influence of Christianity but refused to embrace it. During this period, Gandhi attended the Bible classes.
Within a week of his arrival there, Gandhi made his first public speech making truthfulness in business his theme. The meeting was called to awaken the Indian residents to a sense of the disabilities they were suffering under. He took up the issue of Indians in regard to first class travel in railways. As a result, an assurance was given that first and second-class tickets would be issued to Indians "who were properly dressed". This was a partial victory. |
|
| 1893 |
July -
September |
|
|
Gandhi: Meets with Indian community, makes Christian contacts, is kicked off pavement by Constable outside President Kruger's house |
|
| 1893 |
August 22 -
September 1 |
|
|
Gandhi: Carries out experiment in vital food and publishes article on subject in The Vegetarian (24-3-1894) in England |
|
| 1893 |
September 16 |
|
|
Gandhi: Writes letter in Natal Advertiser from Pretoria |
|
| 1893 |
September 19 |
|
|
Gandhi: Writes letter in Natal Advertiser from Pretoria in defence of Indian traders and their standard of living |
|
| 1893 |
September 29 |
|
|
Gandhi: Writes letter to Natal Advertiser on defence of the Indian practice, giving a concise account of the Indian population in Natal |
|
| 1893 (approx.) |
|
|
|
Gandhi: Writes a 56-page guide to London |
|
| 1894 |
March 24 |
|
|
Gandhi: Publishes article in The Vegetarian (24-3-1894) in England |
|
| 1894 |
April |
|
|
Gandhi: At the close of one year he was again in Durban intending to leave speedily for India. At a social gathering to bid him farewell, he saw the Natal Mercury and discovered that Government was about to introduce a Bill to disfranchise the Indians. |
|
| 1894 |
May 22 |
|
|
Gandhi: At a meeting of the leading Indian merchants, Gandhi proposed the formation of a permanent organisation to watch the interest of the Indians and to oppose the colour bar against them. |
| 1895 |
April |
|
|
Gandhi: Visits Trappist Monastery in Marianhill near Durban |
|
| 1895 |
April 6 |
|
|
Gandhi: Represents British Indian merchants in arbitration case |
|
| 1895 |
May 5 |
|
|
Gandhi: Appeals to Natal Assembly against re-indenture clause in Indian Immigration Bill |
|
| 1895 |
May 14 |
|
|
Gandhi: Asks the Viceroy of India to protect Indians from
disabilities |
|
| 1895 |
June 17 |
|
|
Gandhi: Secures release of indentured Indian, Balasundram |
|
| 1895 |
June 26 |
|
|
Petitions Legislative Council against clauses affecting indentured Indians in Immigration Bill |
|
| 1895 |
August 11 |
|
|
Gandhi: Sends lengthy memorial to Chamberlain objecting to £3 tax on time expired indentured Indians |
|
| 1895 |
September 12 |
|
|
Franchise Bill refused Imperial assent because of exclusion of Indians on grounds of race. |
|
| 1895 |
September 25-30 |
|
|
Gandhi: Defends Natal Indian Congress against allegations that it is a secret organisation. |
|
| 1895 |
December 16 |
|
|
Gandhi: Publishes booklet, "The Indian Franchise, An Appeal to Every Briton in South Africa." |
|
| 1896 |
January 23 |
|
|
Gandhi: Applies to be appointed interpreter in Gujarati |
|
| 1896 |
January 27 |
|
|
The Times of London refers to Gandhi as a worthy defender of fellow Indian subjects |
|
| 1896 |
February 26 |
|
|
Gandhi: Takes up issue of exclusion of Indians from Zululand. |
|
| 1896 |
April 17 |
|
|
Tongaat Sugar Co. successfully applies to Immigration Trust Board to indenture artisans from India |
|
| 1896 |
April 27 |
|
|
Revised Franchise Bill re-introduced in Natal Parliament excluding Indians on grounds that they did not have franchise in their own country |
|
| 1896 |
June 5 |
|
|
Gandhi leaves Durban for India via Calcutta |
|
| 1896 |
July 4 |
|
|
Gandhi reaches Calcutta |
|
| 1896 |
July 9 |
|
|
Gandhi: In Rajkot gets involved in plague prevention work |
|
| 1896 |
August 11 |
|
|
Following protest meeting of whites in Pietermaritzburg and Durban, Tongaat-Hulett Co. withdraws application for indentured Artisans from India |
|
| 1896 |
August 14 |
|
|
Gandhi publishes the Green Pamphlet in Rajkot. |
| 1896 |
December 25 |
|
|
Gandhi in a Christmas dinner speech on board Courland, criticizes western values and commends eastern |
|
| 1896 |
December 29 |
|
|
Europeans of Durban advertise meeting for 4 January as a result of the arrival of the Naderi and Courland. They plan a demonstration against Indians landing. Newspapers full of "Asiatic invasion" stories. Gandhi is accused of planning to swamp Natal with Indians |
|
| 1896 |
December 30 |
|
|
The ship's captain requests replacements of bedding, etc., destroyed on Government's instruction. The Government ignores request. Indian community and Dada Abdullah and Co. make good the losses and provide other provisions. The Europeans hold mass meeting in the Durban City Hall and plan demonstrations on the docks if the Indians attempt to land |
|
| 1897 |
January 7 |
|
|
Whites hold a meeting at the Durban City Hall calling for the temporary stoppage of immigration of free Indians pending the passing of Immigration Bill |
|
| 1897 |
January 8 |
|
|
Dada Abdullah sends petitions to the Government, pointing out the dangerous mood of the Europeans and seeking protection for Indian passengers on landing. As the time of the final quarantine period draws to a close, Harry Sparks, leader of European agitation, sends a letter to the ships' passengers offering an alternative to return to India with Government compensation, or face European wrath |
|
| 1897 |
January 11 |
|
|
The Principal Under-Secretary asks Dada Abdullah and Co. to inform the passengers of European anger |
|
| 1897 |
January 13 |
10h30 |
|
Bugles are sounded to rally the protesters to the docks. Almost 4000 whites and their African servants are mobilised |
|
| 1897 |
January 13 |
10:45 |
|
Mr. Escombe replies that the steamers should prepare to cross the bar at 12 o'clock and that the Government will maintain order. Ships enter the main harbour, but not given berth and therefore cannot land cargo. Passengers disembark; Gandhi is advised not to land with them |
|
| 1897 |
January 13 |
|
|
Gandhi gives interview to Natal Advertiser on board ship. Gandhi disembarks from ship at 5 pm. and is assaulted by European youth. Mrs. Alexander, wife of Superintendent of police, comes to his rescue. A European mob collects later at Rustomjee's residence and threatens to burn the house down. Gandhi is helped by Superintendent Alexander to escape disguised as a constable |
|
| 1897 |
January 20 |
|
|
The Colonial Secretary, Mr. Chamberlain instructs the Attorney General, Harry Escombe, to charge Gandhi's assailants, but Gandhi declines to charge them. |
|
| 1897 |
February 2 -
February 4 |
|
|
Gandhi: Appeals for funds for famine relief in India |
|
| 1897 |
March 15 |
|
|
Gandhi: Sends memorial to Chamberlain regarding anti-Indian demonstration |
|
| 1897 |
March 26 |
|
|
Gandhi: Petitions Natal Legislature against pending anti-Indian bills |
|
| 1897 |
May 7 |
|
|
The Natal Indian Congress collects £1 539-1-9 from South African Indians for famine relief in India |
|
| 1897 |
May 18 |
|
|
Gandhi requests British Agent in Pretoria that British Government should bear the cost of test case regarding Transvaal Law 3 of 1885 |
|
| 1897 |
June 22 |
|
|
Gandhi attends opening of library established by the Natal Indian Congress on Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee Day |
|
| 1897 |
July 10 |
|
|
Gandhi: Writes circular letter to public in Britain and India on discriminations against Indians. |
|
| 1897 |
September 14 |
|
|
Gandhi: Successfully defends Indians charged with being prohibited immigrants. |
|
| 1897 |
September 14 |
|
|
The St. Aidan's Hospital is opened through funds raised by the Natal Indian Congress from local Indians. Dr Booth is the first superintendent |
|
| 1897 |
December 9 |
|
|
Gandhi: Presents water tank to Christian Mission on behalf of Rustomjee |