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Mohandas (Mahatma) Karamchand Gandhi

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1. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi: a biography
2. A history of SA Passive Resistance: The Satyagraha Campaign

1869 October 2    
Mohandas, the youngest child of Karamchand Gandhi and Putlibai, born at Porbandar in western India.
 
1875
     
Gandhi attended a primary school at Porbandar for one year.
 
1876      
Gandhi: Betrothed to Kasturbai.

Gandhi: Joined the Branch School at Rajkot for two years. Read the play Sravana Pitrihhakti while in primary school: witnessed another play Harishchandra, also; thought, "why should not all be truthful like Harishchandra?"


1879 January 21    
Gandhi joined the City Taluka School, Rajkot.
Studied Gujarati standards III and IV till October 2, 1880.

1880 November 18    
Gandhi appeared in the entrance examination of the Kathiawar High School, Rajkot.

1880 December 1     

Gandhi enrolled in the General Register of the Kathiawar High School, Rajkot; admitted to Anglovernacular Standard I.

During the visit of Mr. Giles, Educational Inspector, ignored teacher's prompting to copy from a neighbour's slate.

Passed seven years in this school which was later known as Alfred High School.


1883      
Gandhi married Kasturbai at the age of 13.

Gandhi: Influenced by friends, started taking meat secretly, as it was forbidden in his family who were Vaishnavas. Soon after, he abjured meat out of his desire not to lie to his parents.


1885      
Gandhi stole coppers from his servant's pocket money for smoking, but gave up the practice. Stole a little gold from his brother's armlet to clear a debt, but felt ashamed and confessed to his father who pardoned him. From that day, Gandhi noted, "truth-telling became a passion with me".

1886      
In his sick-bed, 63-year-old Karamchand Gandhi had discussions with Parsi and Muslim friends about their faiths.

Mohandas, while nursing his father, listened to these discussions and developed toleration for all faiths.

Karamchand Gandhi's condition became grave and he began to sink fast. Late one night, shortly after Mohandas had left him, he passed away.


1887      
Gandhi: Passes matric and enrolls at Samaldas College at Bhavnagar

1888 January 1    
Gandhi: Left High School. Joined Shamaldas College, Bhavnagar. Found studies difficult and, at the end of fist term, returned home. Family friends suggested law studies in England. Mother did not like the idea of separation. Becharji Swami, who became a Jain monk, came to his help and got him to take three solemn vows. Mohandas vowed not to touch wine, woman and meat. This done, his mother gave her permission.

Eldest son, Harilal, born. Mohandas started with his brother for Bombay, leaving his wife and child. Orthodox class disapproved his going abroad but he refused to listen.


1888 September 4    
With help and permission of brother, Mohandas sailed from Bombay by S. S. Clyde.

1888 October 27    
Gandhi: Reached Southampton.

1888 October 28    
Gandhi: Reached London.

1888 November 6    
Gandhi: Admitted to the Inner Temple.

Gandhi: Arranged to stay as a lodger in an Anglo-Indian family
in Western Kensington.


1888 November 9    
Gandhi: Wrote letter to brother: "...In spite of cold I have no need of meat or liquor which fills my heart with joy and thankfulness." Food given to him did not suit him but he put up with all this. Started reading newspapers and began to take keen interest in current events.

Gandhi: Found a vegetarian restaurant in Farringdon Street and had a hearty meal. Read Salt's hook on vegetarianism and was very much impressed.


1889      
Gandhi: Kept account of every farthing spent. Decided to reduce cost of living by half. Lived by himself instead of with a family. Walked eight to ten miles a day to save fare. Read books on simple living and began cooking breakfast. Lived on 1s. 3d. a day.

1890
January 13-18    
Gandhi: Took examination for Matriculation.

1890 January 23-30    

Gandhi: Attended Vegetarian Congress at Ventor.


1890 February 19      
Result of Matriculation examination published. He got plucked in Latin.

1890 June    
Gandhi: Passed the London Matriculation examination in his second attempt. Later in the year, he met two theosophists with whom he read Arnold's The Song Celestial. Invited to read the original Gita with them. He had never read the Gita before and it impressed him immensely. Later, it became the book of his daily reading.

Gandhi: Attended lectures by Dadabhai Naoroji, but spoke to him only once.



1890 September 19    

Gandhi: Selected to Executive Committee of London Vegetarian Society.


1890 October    

Gandhi: Attended meetings of Vegetarian Society but took no part in proceedings.

Gandhi: Started taking eggs on Dr. Oldfield's advice but soon gave it up, remembering his vow to his mother.



1890 November    
Gandhi: Studied the Bible: the New Testament impressed him. Also read some books on atheism. Attended the funeral of Bradlaugh in the workers' cemetery. But his prejudice against atheism remained. Was introduced to Madame Blavatsky and Mrs. Besant. Read Mme. Blavatsky's Secret Doctrine.

1890 December 15-20    

Gandhi: Sat for final Bar examination.


1891 January    
Gandhi's mother died. News withheld from him.

1891 January 12    

Gandhi: Passed the examination with ease, but as he had not yet completed his twelve terms he could not be called to the Bar and had to stay on in England till the middle of June.


1891 February 20    
Gandhi: Gave his first speech in a Vegetarian Society meeting.

1891 February-May    
Gandhi: Wrote a series of ten articles on vegetarianism. The first six on "Indian Vegetarians" appeared in the Vegetarian between February 2 and March 14. The next three on "Some Indian Festivals" between March 28 and April 25. The last one, "The Foods of India", in The Vegetarian Messenger on May 6.

1891 March 26    
Gandhi: Became an associate member of London Theosophical Society. Enrolled as an associate member of the Blavatsky Lodge for six months.

1891 June 10    
Gandhi: Called to the Bar.

1891 June 11    
Gandhi: Enrolled in the High Court.

1891 June 12    
Gandhi: Sailed for home by S.S. Oceania.

1891 July 5-6    
Gandhi: Reached Bombay by S.S. Assam in which all the passengers of S.S. Oceania had boarded at Aden. Landed at the jetty in pelting rain. The news of the death of his mother shocked him.

1891 July 6    
Mohandas is introduced to Raychandbhai whom he regards as one who influence him most profoundly.
1891 November 16    
Gandhi: Applied for enrolment in the Bombay High Court.

1892      
Gandhi: Practices briefly in Bombay and Rajkot

1892 May 24    
Permission to start practice as Barrister was announced in Gazette. Came to Bombay to start practice in High Court. The first ease he took up was of one Manibhai in the Small Causes Court for which he charged Rs. 30 as his fees. He was to cross-examine the plaintiff's witnesses but failed to conduct the case, asked his client to engage another lawyer and hastened out from the court. In fact he did not go to court again until he went to South Africa.

After six months, Gandhi closed his establishment in Bombay and returned to Rajkot, where he was able, by drafting memorials and petitions, to earn about Rs. 300 a month.

His brother Lakshmidas asked Mohandas to see the Political Agent, E.C.K. (afterwards Sir Charles) Ollivant, to refute a charge of intrigue against Lakshmidas. Mohandas found the official arrogant and was pushed out of the room.


1892 December    
Gandhi: Appointed companion tutor of the minor Rana Bhavsinghji of Porbandar.

1893 April    
Gandhi: Sails for Durban at invitation of Dada Abdullali and Co. to assist in legal trial

1893 May    

Gandhi: Reaches Port Natal (Durban)

Gandhi: Attends Durban Court.

Gandhi: Responds to article in Natal Advertiser (His first writing in South Africa)


1893 June    
Gandhi: Observed that Indians were held in scant respect there. Visited the Durban Court, dressed in frock-coat and turban. The Magistrate, espying a queerly dressed stranger, ordered him to remove his headdress. He refused to do so and walked out of the court. Wrote to the Press about the incident, defending the wearing of a turban. The Press described him as an "unwelcome visitor". This incident gave him wide publicity. The turban stayed with him practically until the end of his stay in South Africa.

Abdulla Sheth, his host and employer, was unlettered but was proud of Islam. Gandhi said, "Contact with him gave me a fair amount of practical knowledge of Islam".

A week after his arrival in Durban, he started for Pretoria to explain Abdulla Sheth's case to their lawyer. At Pietermaritzburg station,

he was ordered to go into the van compartment of the train although he held a first class ticket. On his refusal, a constable was brought and the Indian stranger was forcibly ejected, his bundles pitched out after him, and, with the train gone, he was left to shiver in the waiting room all night.

When at length he reached the Transvaal, and began his coach journey at Paardeberg seated on the box, the guard, a big Dutchman, wishing to smoke, laid claim to his place, telling him to sit down at his feet. On being refused, he gave a brutal blow on Gandhi's face. But at Standerton the coach was changed and the rest of the journey was accomplished without incident.

Next day he reached Johannesburg at night. He drove to the Grand National Hotel but was refused accommodation. On reaching Pretoria he met a Negro friend who took him to Johnston's Family Hotel where he was accommodated. Later, a baker's wife agreed to have him as a boarder.

Gandhi: Leaves for Johannesburg and is thrown out of train en route

Gandhi: Arrives in Johannesburg

Gandhi: Arrives in Pretoria


1893-1894      

During his stay in Pretoria, Gandhi read about 80 books on religion. He came under the influence of Christianity but refused to embrace it. During this period, Gandhi attended the Bible classes.

Within a week of his arrival there, Gandhi made his first public speech making truthfulness in business his theme. The meeting was called to awaken the Indian residents to a sense of the disabilities they were suffering under. He took up the issue of Indians in regard to first class travel in railways. As a result, an assurance was given that first and second-class tickets would be issued to Indians "who were properly dressed". This was a partial victory.


1893 July -
September
    Gandhi: Meets with Indian community, makes Christian contacts, is kicked off pavement by Constable outside President Kruger's house

1893 August 22 -
September 1
    Gandhi: Carries out experiment in vital food and publishes article on subject in The Vegetarian (24-3-1894) in England

1893 September 16     Gandhi: Writes letter in Natal Advertiser from Pretoria

1893 September 19     Gandhi: Writes letter in Natal Advertiser from Pretoria in defence of Indian traders and their standard of living

1893 September 29     Gandhi: Writes letter to Natal Advertiser on defence of the Indian practice, giving a concise account of the Indian population in Natal

1893 (approx.)       Gandhi: Writes a 56-page guide to London

1894 March 24     Gandhi: Publishes article in The Vegetarian (24-3-1894) in England

1894 April    

Gandhi: At the close of one year he was again in Durban intending to leave speedily for India. At a social gathering to bid him farewell, he saw the Natal Mercury and discovered that Government was about to introduce a Bill to disfranchise the Indians.


1894 May 22    

Gandhi: At a meeting of the leading Indian merchants, Gandhi proposed the formation of a permanent organisation to watch the interest of the Indians and to oppose the colour bar against them.



1894 June 25     At the residence of Sheth Abdulla, with Sheth Haji Muhammad, foremost Indian leader of Natal in the chair, a meeting of Indians was held and it was resolved to offer opposition to the Franchise Bill. Gandhi outlined his plan.

1894 June 28     Gandhi: Submits petition to Natal Legislative Assembly

1894 June 29     Gandhi: Leads deputation to Sir John Robinson, Premier and Colonial Secretary, Colony of Natal

1894 July 1     Gandhi: Writes circular letter to Legislators

1894 July 3     Gandhi: Leads deputation to Governor of Natal, Sir Walter Francis Hely Hutchinson

1894 July 4     Gandhi: Sends second petition to Natal Legislative Council

1894 July 5    

Gandhi: Entered into correspondence with Dadabhai Naoroji , member of the British Committee of the Congress in London and requested him to help the cause of Indian residents in South Africa.


1894 July 7     But all this failed to stop the Bill, which was passed. Gandhi advised the people to send a petition to the Colonial Secretary. It was forwarded to Lord Ripon. The Bill failed to receive Royal assent and was withdrawn. But shortly afterwards another Bill was introduced and Indians of Natal were disfranchised.

1894 July 17     Gandhi: Submits petition of 10 000 Indians to Secretary of State for Colonies. Decides to settle in Natal to serve the community

1894 August 22     Natal Indian Congress founded, with Gandhi as first honorary secretary, and Colonial born Indian Association

1894 September 3     Gandhi: Admitted as an advocate of the Natal Supreme Court

1894 September 19     Gandhi: His first case in South Africa, defending Gope Maharaj. He wins. Addresses open letter to Natal Legislators

1895 April     Gandhi: Visits Trappist Monastery in Marianhill near Durban

1895 April 6     Gandhi: Represents British Indian merchants in arbitration case

1895 May 5     Gandhi: Appeals to Natal Assembly against re-indenture clause in Indian Immigration Bill

1895 May 14     Gandhi: Asks the Viceroy of India to protect Indians from
disabilities

1895 June 17     Gandhi: Secures release of indentured Indian, Balasundram

1895 June 26     Petitions Legislative Council against clauses affecting indentured Indians in Immigration Bill

1895 August 11     Gandhi: Sends lengthy memorial to Chamberlain objecting to £3 tax on time expired indentured Indians

1895 September 12     Franchise Bill refused Imperial assent because of exclusion of Indians on grounds of race.

1895 September 25-30     Gandhi: Defends Natal Indian Congress against allegations that it is a secret organisation.

1895 December 16     Gandhi: Publishes booklet, "The Indian Franchise, An Appeal to Every Briton in South Africa."

1896 January 23     Gandhi: Applies to be appointed interpreter in Gujarati

1896 January 27     The Times of London refers to Gandhi as a worthy defender of fellow Indian subjects

1896 February 26     Gandhi: Takes up issue of exclusion of Indians from Zululand.

1896 April 17     Tongaat Sugar Co. successfully applies to Immigration Trust Board to indenture artisans from India

1896 April 27     Revised Franchise Bill re-introduced in Natal Parliament excluding Indians on grounds that they did not have franchise in their own country

1896 June 5     Gandhi leaves Durban for India via Calcutta

1896 July 4     Gandhi reaches Calcutta

1896 July 9     Gandhi: In Rajkot gets involved in plague prevention work

1896 August 11     Following protest meeting of whites in Pietermaritzburg and Durban, Tongaat-Hulett Co. withdraws application for indentured Artisans from India

1896 August 14     Gandhi publishes the Green Pamphlet in Rajkot.

1896 September 14     Reuter sends a misleading report on the pamphlet.

1896 September 16     Europeans of Durban set up the European Protection Committee in response to Reuters report on Green Pamphlet as published in local papers.

1896 September 18     European Protection Association set up in Pietermaritzburg calling for limitation of Indian immigration and compulsory repatriation of time-expired indentured labourers

1896 September -
November
    Gandhi addresses several meetings in India on the plight of Indians in South Africa

1896 November 26     Europeans hold anti-Indian mass meeting in Durban, condemn Gandhi and set up the Colonial Patriotic Union

1896 November 30     Gandhi telegrams the Viceroy drawing attention to the Transvaal Government's decision to force Indians to live in locations. He leaves India with his family on the s.s. Courland for Natal. The Naderi leaves at about the same time. The two ships have approximately 600 passengers between them

1896 December 18     The two ships, Courland and Naderi, reach Durban

1896 December 19     The Natal Government declares Bombay an infected port and places the two ships under quarantine for five days

1896 December 22     The Natal Government extends the quarantine period by a further 12 days. Dada Abdullah and Co. telegram the Colonial Secretary for explanation for extending quarantine. They receive no reply

1896 December 24     The Medical Officer of Health visits the ships and instructs that they be disinfected and all bedding etc. burnt

1896  December 25     Gandhi in a Christmas dinner speech on board Courland, criticizes western values and commends eastern

1896 December 29     Europeans of Durban advertise meeting for 4 January as a result of the arrival of the Naderi and Courland. They plan a demonstration against Indians landing. Newspapers full of "Asiatic invasion" stories. Gandhi is accused of planning to swamp Natal with Indians

1896 December 30     The ship's captain requests replacements of bedding, etc., destroyed on Government's instruction. The Government ignores request. Indian community and Dada Abdullah and Co. make good the losses and provide other provisions. The Europeans hold mass meeting in the Durban City Hall and plan demonstrations on the docks if the Indians attempt to land

1897 January 7     Whites hold a meeting at the Durban City Hall calling for the temporary stoppage of immigration of free Indians pending the passing of Immigration Bill

1897 January 8     Dada Abdullah sends petitions to the Government, pointing out the dangerous mood of the Europeans and seeking protection for Indian passengers on landing. As the time of the final quarantine period draws to a close, Harry Sparks, leader of European agitation, sends a letter to the ships' passengers offering an alternative to return to India with Government compensation, or face European wrath

1897 January 11     The Principal Under-Secretary asks Dada Abdullah and Co. to inform the passengers of European anger

1897 January 13 10h30   Bugles are sounded to rally the protesters to the docks. Almost 4000 whites and their African servants are mobilised

1897 January 13 10:45   Mr. Escombe replies that the steamers should prepare to cross the bar at 12 o'clock and that the Government will maintain order. Ships enter the main harbour, but not given berth and therefore cannot land cargo. Passengers disembark; Gandhi is advised not to land with them

1897 January 13     Gandhi gives interview to Natal Advertiser on board ship. Gandhi disembarks from ship at 5 pm. and is assaulted by European youth. Mrs. Alexander, wife of Superintendent of police, comes to his rescue. A European mob collects later at Rustomjee's residence and threatens to burn the house down. Gandhi is helped by Superintendent Alexander to escape disguised as a constable

1897 January 20     The Colonial Secretary, Mr. Chamberlain instructs the Attorney General, Harry Escombe, to charge Gandhi's assailants, but Gandhi declines to charge them.

1897 February 2 -
February 4
    Gandhi: Appeals for funds for famine relief in India

1897 March 15     Gandhi: Sends memorial to Chamberlain regarding anti-Indian demonstration

1897 March 26     Gandhi: Petitions Natal Legislature against pending anti-Indian bills

1897 May 7     The Natal Indian Congress collects £1 539-1-9 from South African Indians for famine relief in India

1897 May 18     Gandhi requests British Agent in Pretoria that British Government should bear the cost of test case regarding Transvaal Law 3 of 1885

1897 June 22     Gandhi attends opening of library established by the Natal Indian Congress on Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee Day

1897 July 10     Gandhi: Writes circular letter to public in Britain and India on discriminations against Indians.

1897 September 14     Gandhi: Successfully defends Indians charged with being prohibited immigrants.

1897 September 14     The St. Aidan's Hospital is opened through funds raised by the Natal Indian Congress from local Indians. Dr Booth is the first superintendent

1897 December 9     Gandhi: Presents water tank to Christian Mission on behalf of Rustomjee

1898 August 8     Indians lose test case in Transvaal High Court which rules that Law 3 of 1883 restricts both their residential and trading rights to Indian locations

1898 August     Objects to refusal of trading licenses to Indians by Durban Town Council on racial grounds

1898 November 29     International Printing Press is established which will later publish the Indian Opinion.

1898 December 31     Gandhi: Draws up petition to Secretary of State for colonies regarding Dealers License Act, 1897